« Les femmes ne sont pas une catégorie » les stratégies de légitimation de la parité en France

Quota trouble: Talking about gender quotas in finnish local politics

“…By raising these questions, the study opens new avenues for analysing the interaction between legislative measures, cultural norms and social discourse. (2002); Raevaara and Saarikoski (2002); Teigen (2003); Bereni and Lépinard (2004); Raevaara (2005). For comparative studies demonstrating the efficiency of quotas in correcting gender imbalances see, for example, Norris (2000); Caul Kittilson (2001); Htun (2001); Htun and Jones (2002).…”

For Women Only? Gender Quotas and Intersectionality in France

“…Following this rationale, women were not a category because their difference was not like any other: It was a universal difference, characterizing mankind. This meant that sexual difference should have ontological and political primacy over other social or biological differences, and that it was, therefore, compatible with the abstract universalism of citizenship and with French republicanism (Bereni and Lépinard 2004;Lépinard 2007). Hence, parity campaigners both challenged and endorsed the republican universalist doctrine that their contenders upheld.…”

“…For a detailed analysis of the political history of the campaign and the reform, see Bereni and Lépinard 2004;Lépinard 2007;Scott 2005. 13. Decision 82-146 DC, November 18, 1982.…”

Parity in France: A ‘Dual Track’ Solution to Women's Under-Representation

“…However, unlike other countries, where concepts of parity and quotas may be used more interchangeably, France explicitly rejected a discourse of gender quotas. Indeed, the founders of the parity movement claimed that 'parity distinguishes itself from quotas by its very philosophy' (Gaspard et al 1992: 165; see also Bereni and Le´pinard 2004). The threshold for parity was set at 50 per cent, and parity was framed in gender-neutral language that avoided all references to quotas.…”