Les incendies de forêt catastrophiques

Abstract

Une recrudescence des incendies extrêmes est observée sur tous les continents. Trois principaux facteurs aggravants sont discutés. La croissance démographique et l’étalement urbain augmentent l’exposition des biens et des personnes, et multiplient les mises à feu accidentelles. Les changements d’usage des sols favorisent le développement de la biomasse combustible. Enfin, le changement climatique et les sécheresses associées accroissent la combustibilité des végétaux et, de fait, la propagation des feux. Les interactions entre le risque d’incendie et d’autres risques d’origines biotique et abiotique sont ensuite illustrées, notamment l’effet retour des incendies extrêmes sur le climat par la libération massive de gaz à effet de serre. Nous concluons sur des recommandations pour la France en matière de gestion massive du combustible, de planification territoriale et de responsabilisation des citoyens. L’efficacité de ces mesures sera jugée à l’aune des dommages socio-écologiques évités plutôt que des gains en termes de superficie brûlée.

Role of land‐cover and WUI types on spatio‐temporal dynamics of fires in the French Mediterranean area

“…However, despite these lower fire statistics in the French Mediterranean region, the burned area could be tripled considering on the horizon 2100 for the worst climatic scenario (Fargeon et al., 2020), at a rate between +15% and +25% per decade (Dupuy et al., 2020). Some even stated that the “success” of a fire management policy based on systematic fire suppression (leading to massive fuel accumulation) is doomed in the long term since the large or mega‐fires will only be delayed (Rigolot et al., 2020). Although the context differs, this situation is also on‐going in South Africa or Australia (Moreira et al., 2020; Rigolot et al., 2020).…”

“…Some even stated that the “success” of a fire management policy based on systematic fire suppression (leading to massive fuel accumulation) is doomed in the long term since the large or mega‐fires will only be delayed (Rigolot et al., 2020). Although the context differs, this situation is also on‐going in South Africa or Australia (Moreira et al., 2020; Rigolot et al., 2020).…”

“…However, despite this decrease, the persistence of large fire events during extreme weather conditions (e.g. 2003, 2016 in SE France) reveals that these events can F I G U R E 9 Continued outweigh, by far, terrestrial and aerial fire-fighting strategies (Moreira et al, 2020;Rigolot et al, 2020) and therefore can sometimes strongly impact WUIs (although among the best defended areas due to their high stake), as during the Rognac fire in 2016 (Ganteaume et al, 2021). However, despite these lower fire statistics in the French Mediterranean region, the burned area could be tripled considering on the horizon 2100 for the worst climatic scenario (Fargeon et al, 2020), at a rate between +15% and +25% per decade (Dupuy et al, 2020).…”

“…In some of these countries, mega‐fires regularly destroy large areas entailing huge economic impacts, for example, 47,000 ha in Portugal in 2017 (Viegas et al., 2017) or 85,000 ha in Greece in 2019 (Efthimiou et al., 2019). In France, however, the magnitude of fire events is much lesser as, for the past couple of decades, the largest fire size was 6744 ha in 2003 and 2600 ha in 2016 (Ganteaume & Barbero, 2019; Rigolot et al., 2020). Most burned area and fire occurrences are concentrated in the French Mediterranean region (58% of the burned area on average, between 2010 and 2018, and up to 80% in 2003 (San‐Miguel‐Ayanz et al., 2019) where large fires (≥100 ha), representing only 1% of the occurrence, are responsible for more than 70% of the burned area (Ganteaume & Guerra, 2018).…”

Termografía Infrarroja aplicada a la detección de incendios en la interfaz urbano-forestal y su optimización mediante redes neuronales artificiales.

“…En España, las opciones adaptativas se orientan principalmente a las políticas de prevención y lucha contra incendios pero, además, incorporan la necesidad de implicar a otras políticas relacionadas con la conservación de la naturaleza o la ordenación del territorio. Los aspectos más destacados se refieren a la incorporación del fuego en los sistemas de gestión y el fomento de la utilización de biomasa con fines energéticos, la aplicación de avances tecnológicos en los sistemas de vigilancia y detección de incendios para acortar los tiempos de respuesta y, de forma especial, la gestión del riesgo de incendios forestales en zonas residenciales, haciendo hincapié en la capacidad de los instrumentos normativos y de planificación disponibles para introducir las adaptaciones necesarias (Moreno, 2005;Rigolot, 2009;Vélez, 2009).…”