Les RaeRae et Mahu : troisième sexe polynésien

Stip, Émmanuel

doi:10.7202/1034918ar

Cited by 13 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Some cultures acknowledge genders outside of the binary, sometimes referred to as “third gender” classifications, such as Native American berdaches or “Two Spirit” people, or the Fa'afafine of Samoa. Other terminology used to describe trans people includes the terms mak nyah in Malaysia [ 4 ], kathoey in Thailand [ 5 ], hijra in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan [ 6 – 8 ], waria in Indonesia [ 9 ], rae rae and mahu in French Polynesia [ 10 ] and travesti in South America [ 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The future of PrEP among transgender women: the critical role of gender affirmation in research and clinical practices

Sevelius

Deutsch

Grant

2016

Journal of the International AIDS Society

126

133

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IntroductionGlobally, transgender (“trans”) women are one of the key populations most disproportionately impacted by HIV. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is the newest and most promising biomedical HIV prevention intervention to date. This paper reviews relevant literature to describe the current state of the science and describes the potential role of PrEP among trans women, including a discussion of unique considerations for maximizing the impact of PrEP for this vulnerable population.MethodsAvailable information, including but not limited to existing scientific literature, about trans women and PrEP was reviewed and critiqued based on author expertise, including PrEP clinical trials and rollout.ResultsTo date, PrEP demonstration projects and clinical trials have largely excluded trans women, or have not included them in a meaningful way. Data collection strategies that fail to identify trans women in clinical trials and research further limit the ability to draw conclusions about trans women's unique needs and devise strategies to meet them. Gender-affirming providers and clinic environments are essential components of any sexual health programme that aims to serve trans women, as they will largely avoid settings that may result in stigmatizing encounters and threats to their identities. While there is currently no evidence to suggest drug-drug interactions between PrEP and commonly used feminizing hormone regimens, community concerns about potential interactions may limit interest in and uptake of PrEP among trans women.ConclusionsIn scaling up PrEP for trans women, it is essential to engage trans communities, utilize trans-inclusive research and marketing strategies and identify and/or train healthcare providers to provide gender-affirming healthcare to trans women, including transition-related care such as hormone provision. PrEP implementation guidelines must consider and address trans women's unique barriers and facilitators to uptake and adherence.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The future of PrEP among transgender women: the critical role of gender affirmation in research and clinical practices

Sevelius

Deutsch

Grant

2016

Journal of the International AIDS Society

126

133

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“…HIV prevalence among transgender women Transgender individuals are those whose gender identities and/or gender expression do not fully align with their assigned sex at birth. Many cultures around the world recognize transgender people using varied terms such as ''Kathoeys'' in Thailand [1]; ''Hijras'' in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan [2Á4]; ''Warias'' in Indonesia [5]; the ''Rae Rae's'' and ''Mahu's'' in French Polynesia [6]; and ''Travestis'' of Latin America [7]. Currently, there are no national-level estimates of the prevalence of transgender identity for any country, although India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan have recently added a third gender option to the census.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transgender women, hormonal therapy and HIV treatment: a comprehensive review of the literature and recommendations for best practices

Radix

Sevelius

Deutsch

2016

Journal of the International AIDS Society

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IntroductionStudies have shown that transgender women (TGW) are disproportionately affected by HIV, with an estimated HIV prevalence of 19.1% among TGW worldwide. After receiving a diagnosis, HIV-positive TGW have challenges accessing effective HIV treatment, as demonstrated by lower rates of virologic suppression and higher HIV-related mortality. These adverse HIV outcomes have been attributed to the multiple sociocultural and structural barriers that negatively affect their engagement within the HIV care continuum. Guidelines for feminizing hormonal therapy among TGW recommend combinations of oestrogens and androgen blockers. Pharmacokinetic studies have shown that certain antiretroviral therapy (ART) agents, such as protease inhibitors (PIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and cobicistat, interact with ethinyl estradiol, the key oestrogen component of oral contraceptives (OCPs). The goal of this article is to provide an overview of hormonal regimens used by TGW, to summarize the known drug-drug interactions (DDIs) between feminizing hormonal regimens and ART, and to provide clinical care recommendations.MethodsThe authors identified English language articles examining DDIs between oestrogen therapy, androgen blockers and ART published between 1995 and 2015 using PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature and EBSCOhost.Results and DiscussionPublished articles predominantly addressed interactions between ethinyl estradiol and NNRTIs and PIs. No studies examined interactions between ART and the types and doses of oestrogens found in feminizing regimens. DDIs that may have the potential to result in loss of virologic suppression included ethinyl estradiol and amprenavir, unboosted fosamprenavir and stavudine. No clinically significant DDIs were noted with other anti-retroviral agents or androgen blockersConclusionsThere are insufficient data to address DDIs between ART and feminizing hormone regimens used by TGW. There is an urgent need for further research in this area, specifically pharmacokinetic studies to study the direction and degree of interactions between oral, injectable and transdermal estradiol and ART. Clinicians need to be vigilant about possible interactions and monitor hormone levels if concerns arise. More research is also needed on the provision of hormone therapy and gender-affirming care on the long-term health outcomes of HIV-positive TGW.

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“…Psychometrics used for evaluation were the Diagnostic Interview for ADHD in Adults 2.0 (DIVA) [5], the Ritvo Autism Asperger Diagnostic Scale (RAADS) [6] and the Systemizer Profile Questionnaire (SPQ)/systemizer.dk, which is a condensed computerized version of Simon Baron-Cohens (SBC) original Autism Spectrum-(AQ), Empathy-(EQ), Sensory and Social Sensitivity-(SSQ), and Systemizing Quotients (SQ) (7), as well as items selected from the Sensory, Social, and Highly Sensitive Checklists [15][16][17]. AQ, EQ, SSQ and SQ are internationally recognized, most recently in the form of SBC's large cohort study (>600,000 people) on the link between autism and TG [8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. SPQ autogenerates a differentiated test response with description of autism features, empathy, sensory and social sensitivity, and information processing skills based on 85 questions with a possible maximum score of 170 points.…”

Section: Diagnoses and Psychometricsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Transgender Spectrum: Phenomenological Subtypes and Their Possible Correlation with Neurodevelopmental Disorders and/or Trauma

2023

Ann Case Report

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Introduction: Transgender (TG) people have existed in all cultures throughout history, but it is not until recently due to gender-affirming hormone therapy and surgery that these individuals have been able to express their genders physically. This case study aims to define and characterize possible dimensions in the TG-spectrum and possible correlates of these. Methods: 12 patients with TG who agreed to participate in these case studies by informed consent. Extractions of clinical assessment and psychometric evaluation were used to generate condensed vignettes that are illustrative and describes both the diagnostic and the clinical heterogeneity among psychiatric outpatients on the TG-spectrum consulting psychiatric practice. Results: Evaluation of 12 patients with TG in psychiatric practice for reasons other than TG has made it possible to identify 4 apparent presentations: TG-binary, TG-non-binary, non-TG-non-binary, and apparent-TG. Furthermore, having an early awareness of being TG, a birth assigned gender (BAG) as female and a severely traumatized background may be an indicator of TG-binary and TG-non-binary status while; having a BAG as male without a traumatic background seems more frequent among non-TG-non-nonbinary. TG subjects affected by ADHD without traumatic upbringing may express post transition heterosexuality, while individuals recognized with ASD independent of a traumatic upbringing may express asexuality pre-transitioning and/ or homo/pansexually post-transitioning. Conclusion: These clusters of clinical features and TG subtypes have not been proposed before, but their importance to medical care of TG patients is obvious though they require replication among larger numbers of TG individuals and across national settings and cultural backgrounds.

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Les RaeRae et Mahu : troisième sexe polynésien

Cited by 13 publications

References 15 publications

The future of PrEP among transgender women: the critical role of gender affirmation in research and clinical practices

The future of PrEP among transgender women: the critical role of gender affirmation in research and clinical practices

Transgender women, hormonal therapy and HIV treatment: a comprehensive review of the literature and recommendations for best practices

The Transgender Spectrum: Phenomenological Subtypes and Their Possible Correlation with Neurodevelopmental Disorders and/or Trauma

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