Les risques psychosociaux du dirigeant de PME : typologie et échelle de mesure des stresseurs professionnels1

Abstract

Dans une approche multicritères du risque en PME, la santé du chef d’entreprise est rarement abordée. Or, plus l’entreprise est petite, plus son équilibre apparaît lié à celui de son dirigeant. La littérature demeure en particulier exsangue sur les facteurs de risques psychosociaux propres aux travailleurs non subordonnés, les principaux modèles explicatifs demeurant fondés sur les seuls salariés. L’objet de cet article est donc de proposer une première exploration des stresseurs de l’activité du dirigeant de PME. Pour ce faire, une enquête mixte a été conduite auprès de dirigeants de PME françaises (n = 357). Une phase longitudinale a catégorisé sémantiquement leurs événements professionnels perçus comme les plus négatifs. Une phase transversale a ensuite évalué l’intensité de stress associé aux événements vécus durant la phase longitudinale, et leur probabilité d’occurrence. Enfin une classification hiérarchique a été réalisée. Le résultat de cette étude est une typologie de 30 stresseurs du dirigeant de PME, qui se décompose en quatre classes principales. La rigueur méthodologique de cet inventaire de stresseurs le rend utile pour de futures recherches confirmatoires. Elle fournit également aux soignants, et aux dirigeants eux-mêmes, une échelle de mesure des principaux facteurs de risques pour la santé mentale.In a multi-criteria approach to risk in SMEs, the health of the entrepreneur is rarely discussed. Literature remains particularly battered on psychosocial risk factors inherent to non-subordinate workers, the main explanatory models based on remaining employees only. The purpose of this article is to propose a first exploration of stressors on the activity of SME manager. To do this, a joint survey was conducted among French SME managers (n = 357). A longitudinal phase categorized semantically their professional events perceived as more negative. A cross phase was then evaluated the stress intensity associated with events experienced during the longitudinal phase and their probability of occurrence. Finally a hierarchical classification was performed. The result of this study is a typology of the 30 stressors SME manager, which is divided into four main classes. The methodological rigor of this inventory of stressors makes it useful for future confirmatory research. It also provides a scale of measurement of the main risk factors for mental health.En un enfoque multicriterio al riesgo en las PyME, la salud del empresario rara vez se discute. La literatura sigue siendo particularmente golpeada en los factores de riesgo psicosociales inherentes a los trabajadores no subordinados, los principales modelos explicativos sobre la base de sólo los empleados restantes. El propósito de este artículo es proponer una primera exploración de los factores de estrés en la actividad de gestor de PyME. Para ...

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