Les services environnementaux dans les espaces ruraux Une approche par l'économie des services

Abstract

[fre] Cet article discute de la notion de « service environnemental » en rapport avec la multifonctionnalité de l'agriculture et des campagnes. Les auteurs présentent les trois principales conceptions de cette notion dans la littérature économique : selon l'économie écologique, l'économie de l'environnement et l'économie des services. Ensuite ils proposent un cadre d'analyse des services environnementaux à partir de l'économie des services. Enfin, la partie empirique repose sur un inventaire de ces services dans trois territoires ruraux. [eng] ENG: Services! rural areas! environment! publics goods! local authorities!

Defining Spaces of Resilience within the Neoliberal Paradigm: Could French Land Use Classifications Guide Support for Risk Management Within an Australian Regional Context?

“…In France, there are 35 World Heritage sites and while most of them are cultural sites such as Chartres Cathedral or Versailles Palace and Park, or natural sites such as Porto Gulf, others provide examples of multifunctional landscapes, incorporating socio-cultural, natural and other recognised public goods (Colletis-Wahl and Pecqueur 2001;Kaul 2001;Aznar and Perrier-Cornet 2003;UNESCO 2011). For example, Saint-Emilion and the Loire Valley incorporate agricultural landscapes and activities that are important components of the cultural identity of the sites, and via agrotourism and local involvement in conservation actions, provide opportunities for development.…”

“…National parks in France were created to specific purposes of natural conservation in 1960's, but since their inception they have also recognised agricultural activities, such as grazing in the Pyrenees National park, as tools for nature conservation (Aznar and Perrier-Cornet 2003;Schnitzler et al 2008;Parra 2010). Agricultural management for conservation outcomes is not always easily achieved, because, as Derioz (2010: 211) states, "To successfully implement the RNP (Natural Regional Park) missions, the agreement has to be strong enough to force locals to accept a frame of principles that contradict their own short-term economic interests."…”

“…The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) land classifications that integrate sustainable agricultural use with conservation are applied where agricultural multifunctionality is more explicitly valued by the state, such as in the European Union (EU). EU land use classifications have, since the 1990s reform of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), provided explicit and implicit mechanisms to facilitate the sustainable management of multiple use landscapes (Aznar and Perrier-Cornet 2003;EC 2007). After 1992 and a series of economic, ecological and political crises to state-subsidised productivist agricultural modernisation within the EU (Schmid et al 2007), the shift to multifunctionality policies evolved to include the key goals of: & maintaining production levels; & maintaining a range of high quality products; & improving the ecological sustainability of production systems; & supporting the diversification of rural systems; and, & contributing to the effective management of biodiversity through agriculture.…”

Farming and Landscape Management: How French Farmers are Coping with the Ecologization of Their Activities

“…They would probably be willing to continue with landscape management practices even if the CTE scheme and payments stopped. On the other hand, the remunerated service, conceived by the farmers in the third group, concerns an economy of environmental services (Aznar and Perrier-Cornet, 2003): the farmer is bound by contractual obligations that can be evaluated and sanctioned if they are not observed (by administrative controls). There is a shift here from an ethical justification for landscape maintenance to a commercial one.…”

Un tournant dans la recherche sur le paysage en France : contexte et apports du programme Politiques publiques et paysages

“…Il y a d'abord des effets sur l'emploi, avec l'émergence d'un marché du paysagisme en zone rurale ou périurbaine (Aznar et Perrier-Cornet, 2003 ;Luginbühl, 2005). Si les agriculteurs revendiquent maintenant un rôle dans l'entretien des paysages, il faut noter que ce ne sont pas eux qui profitent d'une diversification de leur activité : les emplois sont essentiellement publics (emplois communaux) ou dans des entreprises spécialisées (Lamarche, 2003).…”