Lessons from Emergence of A/Goose/Guangdong/1996‐Like H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses and Recent Influenza Surveillance Efforts in Southern China

Abstract

Summary Southern China is proposed as an influenza epicentre. At least two of the three pandemics in the last century, including 1957 and 1968 influenza pandemics, originated from this area. In 1996, A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 (H5N1), the precursor of currently circulating highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) was identified in farmed geese in southern China. These H5N1 HPAIVs have been spread across Asia, Europe and Africa and poses a continuous threat to both animal and human health. However, how and where this H5N1 HPAIV emerged are not fully understood. In the past decade, many influenza surveillance efforts have been carried out in southern China, and our understanding of the genetic diversity of non-human influenza A viruses in this area has been much better than ever. Here, the historical and first-hand experimental data on A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996(H5N1)-like HPAIVs are reviewed within the context of the findings from recent surveillance efforts on H5N1 HPAIVs and other non-human influenza A viruses. Such a retrospective recapitulation suggests that long-term and systematic surveillance programmes should continue to be implemented in southern China that the wet markets on the animal–human interface shall be the priority area and that the surveillance on the animal species bridging the interface between wildlife and domestic animal populations and the interface between the aquatics and territories shall be the strengthened.

Co-circulation of avian influenza viruses in commercial farms, backyards and live market birds in Egypt

“…These H5N1 HPAIVs have been spread across Asia, Europe and Africa and presented a continuous threat to both animal and human health [4].…”

Circulating H5N1 virus among native chicken living around commercial layer farms

“…As far as we are aware similar incidences of H5N1 subtype have not been found. It is true that the HPAI H5N1 is believe to mutate from a LPAI but where and when the mutation took place and which H5N1 LPAI as the progenitor of the H5N1 HPAI are unknown (Wan 2012).…”

The Role of Point-of-Care Test to Control Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Indonesia

“…Penampakan pertama virus ini berupa wabah penyakit pada peternakan angsa di Provinsi Guangdong, Tiongkok Selatan pada tahun 1996 dengan gejala perdarahan, gangguan saraf dan kematian sekitar 40% pada peternakan yang tertular. Virus influenza subtipe H5N1 belum pernah diisolasi di daerah tersebut sebelumnya (Wan 2012;Guan & Smith 2013). Asal mula virus tersebut tidak diketahui dengan pasti tetapi diduga dari suatu galur Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI) yang diintroduksi oleh burung migrasi yang singgah di tempat tersebut dan kemudian mengalami reasortan sedemikian rupa sehingga patogen pada angsa.…”

“…Pada pertemuan tersebut penyebab penyakit dilaporkan virus influenza subtipe H5N4 tetapi setelah di-typing ulang dinyatakan sebagai H5N1. Jeda yang panjang tersebut cukup membuat virus beradaptasi di itik menjadi patogen pada ayam dan menyebar di wilayah yang lebih luas (Wan 2012).…”