Lessons From Serum Cholesterol Studies in Japan, Hawaii and Los Angeles

Keys, Ancel; Kimura, Noboru; Kusukawa, Akira; Bronte‐Stewart, B.; Larsen, Nils P.; Keys, Margaret Haney

doi:10.7326/0003-4819-48-1-83

Cited by 225 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The influence of the type of fatty acid ingested on CVD risk factors and on plasma concentrations of lipids and lipoprotein has been demonstrated for a long time in several experimental and population studies [34][35][36].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the Effects of Brazil Nut Oil and Soybean Oil on the Cardiometabolic Parameters of Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Trial

et al. 2019

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Recent evidence suggests that replacing saturated fat with unsaturated fat is beneficial for cardiovascular health. This study compared the effects of Brazil nut oil (BNO) and soybean oil (SO) supplementation for 30 days on anthropometric, blood pressure, biochemical, and oxidative parameters in patients with metabolic syndrome (MS). Thirty-one patients with MS were randomly allocated to receive 30 sachets with 10 mL each of either BNO (n = 15) or SO (n = 16) for daily supplementation. Variables were measured at the beginning of the study and after 30 days of intervention. No change in anthropometric and blood pressure variables were observed (p > 0.05). Total (p = 0.0253) and low-density lipoprotein (p = 0.0437) cholesterol increased in the SO group. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased (p = 0.0087) and triglycerides increased (p = 0.0045) in the BNO group. Malondialdehyde levels decreased in the BNO group (p = 0.0296) and total antioxidant capacity improved in the SO group (p = 0.0110). Although the addition of oils without lifestyle interventions did not affect anthropometric findings or blood pressure and promoted undesirable results in the lipid profile in both groups, daily supplementation of BNO for 30 days decreased lipid peroxidation, contributing to oxidative stress reduction.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the Effects of Brazil Nut Oil and Soybean Oil on the Cardiometabolic Parameters of Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Trial

et al. 2019

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“…Keys’ observation that low dietary fat produces low blood cholesterol and low heart attacks was supported by comparative studies of Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii, and California (Keys et al, 1958). As the Japanese moved westward, their fat intake increased, their plasma cholesterol rose, and the number of heart attacks increased.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

A Century of Cholesterol and Coronaries: From Plaques to Genes to Statins

Goldstein

Brown

2015

Cell

926

670

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One-fourth of all deaths in industrialized countries result from coronary heart disease. A century of research has revealed the essential causative agent – cholesterol-carrying low density lipoprotein (LDL). LDL is controlled by specific receptors (LDLRs) in liver that remove it from blood. Mutations that eliminate LDLRs raise LDL and cause heart attacks in childhood, whereas mutations that raise LDLRs reduce LDL and diminish heart attacks. If we are to eliminate coronary disease, lowering LDL should be the primary goal. Effective means to achieve this goal are currently available. The key questions are: Who to Treat, When to Treat, and How Long to Treat.

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“…With 40% of the US population projected to experience some form of CVD by 2030, the total direct medical costs are expected to reach $818 billion [1]. Numerous studies have implicated low density lipoprotein (LDL) as the instigator of atherogenesis, and a lowering of lifelong LDL levels by only 30% via diet [2, 3] or mutation [4, 5] can reduce the risk of an adverse cardiovascular event by 90%. In comparison, a similar 30% decrease in LDL levels by drugs such as statins, which have become a staple for therapeutic treatment of CVD [6], only reduce the risk of an event by 30%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Engineering Nanomaterials to Address Cell-Mediated Inflammation in Atherosclerosis

Allen

Liu²,

Scott

2016

Regen. Eng. Transl. Med.

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Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disorder with a pathophysiology driven by both innate and adaptive immunity and a primary cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD) worldwide. Vascular inflammation and accumulation of foam cells and their products induce maturation of atheromas, or plaques, which can rupture by metalloprotease action, leading to ischemic stroke or myocardial infarction. Diverse immune cell populations participate in all stages of plaque maturation, many of which directly influence plaque stability and rupture via inflammatory mechanisms. Current clinical treatments for atherosclerosis focus on lowering serum levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) using therapeutics such as statins, administration of antithrombotic drugs, and surgical intervention. Strategies that address cell-mediated inflammation are lacking, and consequently have recently become an area of considerable research focus. Nanomaterials have emerged as highly advantageous tools for these studies, as they can be engineered to target specific inflammatory cell populations, deliver therapeutics of wide-ranging solubilities and enhance analytical methods that include imaging and proteomics. Furthermore, the highly phagocytic nature of antigen presenting cells (APCs), a diverse cell population central to the initiation of immune responses and inflammation, make them particularly amenable to targeting and modulation by nanoscale particulates. Nanomaterials have therefore become essential components of vaccine formulations and treatments for inflammation-driven pathologies like autoimmunity, and present novel opportunities for immunotherapeutic treatments of CVD. Here, we review recent progress in the design and use of nanomaterials for therapeutic assessment and treatment of atherosclerosis. We will focus on promising new approaches that utilize nanomaterials for cell-specific imaging, gene therapy and immunomodulation.

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Lessons From Serum Cholesterol Studies in Japan, Hawaii and Los Angeles

Cited by 225 publications

References 9 publications

Comparison of the Effects of Brazil Nut Oil and Soybean Oil on the Cardiometabolic Parameters of Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Trial

Comparison of the Effects of Brazil Nut Oil and Soybean Oil on the Cardiometabolic Parameters of Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Trial

A Century of Cholesterol and Coronaries: From Plaques to Genes to Statins

Engineering Nanomaterials to Address Cell-Mediated Inflammation in Atherosclerosis

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