Lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic response in China, Italy, and the U.S.: a guide for Africa and low- and middle-income countries

Olufadewa, Isaac Iyinoluwa; Adesina, Miracle Ayomikun; Ekpo, Marlene Davis; Akinloye, Seyi John; Iyanda, Temiloluwa Ololade; Nwachukwu, Pamela; Kodzo, Lalit Dzifa

doi:10.1016/j.glohj.2021.02.003

Cited by 31 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…At the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak, with no immediate vaccines and antiviral medication for COVID-19, China being the epicenter of the outbreak swiftly swung into action in managing the epidemic. Typical measures include the use of existing traditional public health epidemic containment strategies of lockdown infectious areas, testing, isolation, quarantine, expanding the number of beds, physical distancing, and community containment (10).…”

Section: The National Response To the Covid-19 Pandemicmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The US insurance system is primarily based on private employers, and individual coverage is voluntary (25). Based on these characteristics, the United States is armed with numerous high technological and biological tools to fight the COVID-19 outbreak (10). However, the initial United States response to the pandemic was otherwise slow, in terms of preparing the healthcare system, stopping other travel, and testing.…”

Section: Mitigation Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Comparison of Strategies in Six Countries

Chen

Shi

Zhang

et al. 2021

Front. Public Health

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Objective: This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of containment strategies and mitigation strategies to provide a reference for controlling the ongoing global spread of the pandemic.Methods: We extracted publicly available data from various official websites between January 1 and December 31, 2020, summarized the strategies implemented in China, South Korea, Singapore, the United States, the United Kingdom, and France, and assessed the effectiveness of the prevention and control measures adopted by these countries with the daily new cases and mortality rate per 100,000 population.Results: China, South Korea, and Singapore adopted containment strategies, which maintained a proactive approach by identifying and managing cases, tracking and isolating close contacts. China and Singapore had a similar epidemic curve and the new daily cases. As of December 31, 2020, the new daily cases of China and Singapore were below 100 with the mortality rates per 100,000 population of 0.3 and 0.5, respectively. But the new daily case of South Korea was as high as 1,029, with a mortality rate per 100,000 population of 1.8. In contrast, the United States, the United Kingdom, and France responded with mitigation strategies that focus on treating severe cases and those with underlying conditions. They had similar epidemic curves and mortality rates per 100,000 population. The United States had up to 234,133 new confirmed cases per day, and the mortality rate per 100,000 population was 107, while the United Kingdom had 56,029 new confirmed cases per day and the mortality rate per 100,000 population was 108, and France had 20,042 new cases per day, with a mortality rate per 100,000 population of 99.Conclusions: China, Korea, and Singapore, which implemented strict containment measures, had significant outbreak control. Meanwhile, the successful practices in China, Singapore, and South Korea show that the containment strategies were practices that work especially at the individual level identifying and managing the infected patients and their close contacts. In the United States, the United Kingdom, and France, which implemented the mitigation policies, the effect of epidemic prevention and control was not significant that the epidemic continued or even increased epidemic relatively quickly.

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Section: The National Response To the Covid-19 Pandemicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mitigation Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%

Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Comparison of Strategies in Six Countries

Chen

Shi

Zhang

et al. 2021

Front. Public Health

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“…Governments and policy makers can learn from the previous pandemics to come up with effective interventions for the current one (18). More recently, there are many lessons that LMICs can learn from the initial COVID-19 pandemic response in China, Italy and USA (19).…”

Section: Black Swan Eventmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fostering a sustainable pediatric cardiac workforce in the developing world during the current COVID-19 pandemic

Murala¹,

Kim²,

Karl³

et al. 2022

AME Surg J

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The majority of the world's population with congenital heart disease (CHD) does not have access to corrective surgery, including 70% of those living in sub-Saharan Africa. Communicable diseases still cause significant mortality in low-and mid-income countries (LMICs), but increasingly, the burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCD), such as CHD and rheumatic heart disease (RHD), has increased, creating great strain on fragile healthcare systems. The number of pediatric cardiac centers in LMICs is grossly inadequate to provide the necessary care. The unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic due to SARS-CoV-2 has only worsened the global disparities, and unfortunately has set the clock back by a few years. There has been an interruption of foreign missions and collaborations, which has affected the care of children with heart disease, and which will further increase the number on the waitlist. Much of the hard-won progress made in improving neonatal, infant, and maternal mortality may be lost due to the pandemic. Time is running out for the ambitious sustainable development goals set for 2030. At present, only 1% of developing world are vaccinated against COVID-19 with the poorest countries not expected to receive vaccine until 2023. This intervening time provides a crucial opportunity to apply "frugal innovation" by training and equipping local teams and policy makers. We employed a Gap and SWOT analysis to identify the steps needed to work towards improving children's heart care in the developing world, all while using lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic.

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“…Liaising with medically sophisticated countries will facilitate real-time information, assuring that gaps between advanced countries and LMIC like Africa are reduced. African countries should also increase their capacities to make their anti-epidemic elements such as personal protective equipment and testing kits to flatten the curve [44].…”

Section: Comparison With Similar Studies From Across the Worldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors shaping the COVID-19 epidemic curve: a multi-country analysis

et al. 2021

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Background Lockdown measures are the backbone of containment measures for the COVID-19 pandemic both in high-income countries (HICs) and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, in view of the inevitably-occurring second and third global covid-19 wave, assessing the success and impact of containment measures on the epidemic curve of COVID-19 and people’s compliance with such measures is crucial for more effective policies. To determine the containment measures influencing the COVID-19 epidemic curve in nine targeted countries across high-, middle-, and low-income nations. Methods Four HICs (Germany, Sweden, Italy, and South Korea) and five LMICs (Mexico, Colombia, India, Nigeria, and Nepal) were selected to assess the association using interrupted time series analysis of daily case numbers and deaths of COVID-19 considering the following factors: The “stringency index (SI)” indicating how tight the containment measures were implemented in each country; and the level of compliance with the prescribed measures using human mobility data. Additionally, a scoping review was conducted to contextualize the findings. Results Most countries implemented quite rigorous lockdown measures, particularly the LMICs (India, Nepal, and Colombia) following the model of HICs (Germany and Italy). Exceptions were Sweden and South Korea, which opted for different strategies. The compliance with the restrictions—measured as mobility related to home office, restraining from leisure activities, non-use of local transport and others—was generally good, except in Sweden and South Korea where the restrictions were limited. The endemic curves and time-series analysis showed that the containment measures were successful in HICs but not in LMICs. Conclusion The imposed lockdown measures are alarming, particularly in resource-constrained settings where such measures are independent of the population segment, which drives the virus transmission. Methods for examining people’s movements or hardships that are caused by covid- no work, no food situation are inequitable. Novel and context-adapted approach of dealing with the COVID-19 crisis are therefore crucial.

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Lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic response in China, Italy, and the U.S.: a guide for Africa and low- and middle-income countries

Cited by 31 publications

References 44 publications

Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Comparison of Strategies in Six Countries

Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Comparison of Strategies in Six Countries

Fostering a sustainable pediatric cardiac workforce in the developing world during the current COVID-19 pandemic

Factors shaping the COVID-19 epidemic curve: a multi-country analysis

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