Lethal and sub-lethal effects of thymol on honeybee (<i>Apis mellifera</i>) larvae reared<i>in vitro</i>

Charpentier, Gaël; Vidau, Cyril; Ferdy, Jean‐Baptiste; Tabart, Jessica; Vétillard, Angélique

doi:10.1002/ps.3539

Cited by 50 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 47 publications

(84 reference statements)

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“…1). Our thymol exposure concentration (12 ppm) exceeded levels in T. vulgaris nectar [5.2-8.2 ppm thymol (Palmer-Young et al, accepted)] and honey from thymol-fumigated honey hives [7.5 ppm (Charpentier et al, 2014)].…”

Section: Chronic Phytochemical Exposure Increased Resistancementioning

confidence: 62%

“…). Our thymol exposure concentration (12 ppm) exceeded levels in T. vulgaris nectar [5.2–8.2 ppm thymol (Palmer‐Young et al ., accepted)] and honey from thymol‐fumigated honey hives [7.5 ppm (Charpentier et al ., )]. Similarly, our eugenol exposure concentration (50 ppm) equalled concentrations in Rosa x hybrida stamens (Bergougnoux et al ., ), but far exceeded concentrations in other flowers and honey (Palmer‐Young et al ., accepted).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evolution of resistance to single and combined floral phytochemicals by a bumble bee parasite

Palmer‐Young¹,

Sadd

Adler³

2016

J of Evolutionary Biology

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Repeated exposure to inhibitory compounds can drive the evolution of resistance, which weakens chemical defence against antagonists. Floral phytochemicals in nectar and pollen have antimicrobial properties that can ameliorate infection in pollinators, but evolved resistance among parasites could diminish the medicinal efficacy of phytochemicals. However, multicompound blends, which occur in nectar and pollen, present simultaneous chemical challenges that may slow resistance evolution. We assessed evolution of resistance by the common bumble bee gut parasite Crithidia bombi to two floral phytochemicals, singly and combined, over 6 weeks (~100 generations) of chronic exposure. Resistance of C. bombi increased under single and combined phytochemical exposure, without any associated costs of reduced growth under phytochemical‐free conditions. After 6 weeks’ exposure, phytochemical concentrations that initially inhibited growth by > 50%, and exceeded concentrations in floral nectar, had minimal effects on evolved parasite lines. Unexpectedly, the phytochemical combination did not impede resistance evolution compared to single compounds. These results demonstrate that repeated phytochemical exposure, which could occur in homogeneous floral landscapes or with therapeutic phytochemical treatment of managed hives, can cause rapid evolution of resistance in pollinator parasites. We discuss possible explanations for submaximal phytochemical resistance in natural populations. Evolved resistance could diminish the antiparasitic value of phytochemical ingestion, weakening an important natural defence against infection.

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Section: Chronic Phytochemical Exposure Increased Resistancementioning

confidence: 62%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of resistance to single and combined floral phytochemicals by a bumble bee parasite

Palmer‐Young¹,

Sadd

Adler³

2016

J of Evolutionary Biology

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“…The in vitro test demonstrated its usefulness for testing toxicity of pesticide on immature bees by avoiding environmental variation and providing quantitative data with a high reproducibility. 13,20,21,39 There are significant physiological differences between honey bee adults and larvae, which affect their sensitivity to pesticides; 24 thus acute exposures of pesticides to honey bee larvae should become an important part of future pollinator risk assessments. The techniques described herein demonstrate the effectiveness of a reliable acute larval toxicity assay.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute toxicity of five pesticides to Apis mellifera larvae reared in vitro

Dai

Jack

Mortensen

et al. 2017

Pest Management Science

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“…Similarly, the thymol LD50 of A. mellifera exceeded 1,000 ppm (Ebert et al., 2007), far higher than the 8.5–49.8 ppm EC50 of C. bombi . However, a mere 50 ppm thymol delayed A. mellifera larval development (Charpentier, Vidau, Ferdy, Tabart, & Vetillard, 2014) and could have similar sublethal but deleterious effects on Bombus spp. Synergy between the antitrypanosomal effects of co‐occurring phytochemicals could reduce the total phytochemical dose needed to ameliorate infection, thereby reducing the risk of side effects in hosts and their offspring.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergistic effects of floral phytochemicals against a bumble bee parasite

Palmer‐Young¹,

Sadd

Irwin

et al. 2017

Ecology and Evolution

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Floral landscapes comprise diverse phytochemical combinations. Individual phytochemicals in floral nectar and pollen can reduce infection in bees and directly inhibit trypanosome parasites. However, gut parasites of generalist pollinators, which consume nectar and pollen from many plant species, are exposed to phytochemical combinations. Interactions between phytochemicals could augment or decrease effects of single compounds on parasites. Using a matrix of 36 phytochemical treatment combinations, we assessed the combined effects of two floral phytochemicals, eugenol and thymol, against four strains of the bumblebee gut trypanosome Crithidia bombi. Eugenol and thymol had synergistic effects against C. bombi growth across seven independent experiments, showing that the phytochemical combination can disproportionately inhibit parasites. The strength of synergistic effects varied across strains and experiments. Thus, the antiparasitic effects of individual compounds will depend on both the presence of other phytochemicals and parasite strain identity. The presence of synergistic phytochemical combinations could augment the antiparasitic activity of individual compounds for pollinators in diverse floral landscapes.

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Lethal and sub-lethal effects of thymol on honeybee (Apis mellifera) larvae rearedin vitro

Abstract: Based on the level of thymol residue found in honey and pollen, these results suggest that the contamination of food by thymol represents no notable risk for the early-developing larvae.

Cited by 50 publications

References 47 publications

Evolution of resistance to single and combined floral phytochemicals by a bumble bee parasite

Evolution of resistance to single and combined floral phytochemicals by a bumble bee parasite

Acute toxicity of five pesticides to Apis mellifera larvae reared in vitro

Synergistic effects of floral phytochemicals against a bumble bee parasite

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