Lethal and sub-lethal toxicity of field simulated farm waste episodes to several freshwater invertebrate species

McCahon, C. P.; Poulton, Madeline; Thomas, Paul; Xu, Qin; Pascoe, David D.; Turner, Craig

doi:10.1016/0043-1354(91)90041-n

Cited by 53 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Total ammonia exhibits a positive relationship with gammarid mortality which suggests that the mortality response increases as aqueous concentrations of ammonia increase. The average concentrations of total ammonia measured within the receiving watercourse during both wet and dry weather conditions was 0.85 mgl 1 which is lower than the 24 h LCs0 values of 3.2 mg NH31 1 calculated by Williams et al (1986) and the 5.0-7.3 mg NH31 1 calculated by McMahon et al (1991) for Gammarus pulex, but the exposure time in this study is considerably increased.…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 43%

The determination of the toxic influences to Gammarus pulex (amphipoda) caged in urban receiving waters

1996

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: A statistical procedure comprising principal component analysis and multiple regression has been applied to the in situ mortality response data for Gammarus pulex caged downstream of a combined sewer overflow (CSO) and a surface water outfall (SWO). The mortality and heavy metal bioaccumulation responses of the species as well as seventeen different chemical and hydrological characteristics of the receiving watercourse were monitored continuously for 36 days. Flow rate, BOD5, suspended solids, total ammonia, total aqueous copper and lead concentrations and dissolved aqueous concentrations of zinc and copper influenced the mortality response of Gammarus pulex. The relationships between the mortality response and the selected independent variables are expressed in the form of stable quantitative equations by regressing the dependent variable (i.e. mortality) against the principal components of the independent parameters. This statistical approach represents an important tool for interpreting large intercorrelated sets of environmental data obtained in situ.

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 43%

The determination of the toxic influences to Gammarus pulex (amphipoda) caged in urban receiving waters

1996

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“…6). McCahon et al (1991) showed that 55% of copulating pairs of the amphipod Gammarus pulex separated upon exposure to 1.0 mg O 2 l -1 for 24 h. Furthermore, Hoback & Barnhart (1996) showed that more than 50% of copulating pairs of the amphipod Gammarus pseudoliminaeus separated when exposed to 2 mg O 2 l -1 for 24 h. Only viable eggs and broods were measured in the present study, whereas Wiklund & Sundelin (2001) showed that exposure to a lower level of oxygen (3.6 ± 1.3 mg O 2 l -1 ) resulted in an increase in the number of dead eggs and also in a higher percentage of females carrying dead broods. An analysis of 7 yr of field data in the Baltic Sea (Wiklund & Sundelin 2004) further confirmed a negative correlation between female amphipods carrying a dead brood and oxygen concentration of bottom water.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioenergetics, growth and reproduction of amphipods are affected by moderately low oxygen regimes

Wu¹,

Or²

2005

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…Consequently, a wide variety of animal behavior has been investigated for toxicological purposes: locomotion and swimming behavior, predator-prey relationships, feeding behavior, and attraction to food and mates. In the current study, the feeding behavior of the freshwater amphipod Gammarus pulex (L.) was examined.Bioassays based on leaf-feeding activity of G. pulex (L.) have previously been used both in the laboratory for evaluating chemical hazard and also in situ to identify the presence of pollutants in rivers (Brown and Pascoe 1989;McCahon et al 1991;Maltby et al 1990). However the feeding rates of individuals within a population have high natural variation that may be further increased when the animals are exposed to stressors.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Influence of Fresh Water Pollutants and Interaction with Asellus aquaticus (L.) on the Feeding Activity of Gammarus pulex (L.)

Blockwell

Taylor

Jones

et al. 1998

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol

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The feeding response of juvenile amphipod Gammarus pulex (L.) was investigated following exposure to freshwater pollutants. The method employed is nondestructive, provides a rapid indication of the status of groups of individuals, and is based on a time-response analysis of the consumption of the eggs of Artemia salina and the determination of median feeding times or FT50s. The feeding activity of juvenile G. pulex was found to be a sensitive response criterion for use in assessing the sublethal toxicity of copper, lindane, and 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA). Reductions in gammarid feeding activity were identified following 96 hours exposure at 12.1 microg/L copper or 8.4 microg/L lindane and 240 hours exposure at 918 microg/L 3,4-DCA. However, a significant increase was observed in the feeding rate of gammarids that had been exposed for 240 h at 0.09 microg/L lindane in comparison with control values. The increase in feeding rate may be interpreted as a possible stimulatory effect associated with the toxicant action of lindane. Increases in gammarid feeding activity were not determined during the experiments conducted with either copper or 3,4-DCA. A sustained reduction in G. pulex feeding rates may cause growth inhibition and impaired reproduction which have previously been identified as sublethal responses of other freshwater organisms exposed to comparable concentrations of lindane, 3,4-DCA, or copper. The feeding bioassay was also used as a tool in an investigation of species interactions in toxicant systems. The feeding responses of G. pulex, which had been maintained in the presence of Asellus aquaticus (as interacting pairs) and exposed to a range of concentrations of lindane or 3,4-DCA, were recorded and compared. The findings illustrate the complex nature of test systems that integrate the stresses of toxicant and competition. In the lindane test system a reduction in gammarid feeding activity was observed following a 96-h exposure with A. aquaticus at 3.8 and 6.0 microg/L lindane (mean measured concentrations). After a 240-h exposure period a decrease in feeding rate was recorded only for gammarids that had been exposed to 6.5 microg/L lindane, however exposure to very low concentrations of lindane (0.1 and 0.9 microg/L) resulted in a significant increase in gammarid feeding activity. In the experiment conducted with 3,4-DCA the calculation of median feeding times or FT50s of gammarids that had been exposed for 96 and 240 h in the toxicant treatment groups with A. aquaticus was largely precluded (in most groups less than 50% of the A. salina eggs were eaten). However, control group FT50 values were determined on each occasion the bioassay was performed, indicating that a substantial reduction in gammarid feeding activity had occurred in the majority of the 3,4-DCA treatment groups.

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Lethal and sub-lethal toxicity of field simulated farm waste episodes to several freshwater invertebrate species

Cited by 53 publications

References 22 publications

The determination of the toxic influences to Gammarus pulex (amphipoda) caged in urban receiving waters

The determination of the toxic influences to Gammarus pulex (amphipoda) caged in urban receiving waters

Bioenergetics, growth and reproduction of amphipods are affected by moderately low oxygen regimes

The Influence of Fresh Water Pollutants and Interaction with Asellus aquaticus (L.) on the Feeding Activity of Gammarus pulex (L.)

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