Letter position information and printed word perception: The relative-position priming constraint.

Grainger, Jonathan; Granier, Jean-Pierre; Farioli, Fernand; Assche, Eva Van; Heuven, Walter J. B. van

doi:10.1037/0096-1523.32.4.865

Cited by 187 publications

(363 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…We also considered it important to include primes created by various amounts of insertion (e.g., pragkise-PRAISE) and deletion (e.g, prse-PRAISE; also known as superset and subset primes, respectively, e.g., Grainger et al, 2006;. These conditions provide evidence regarding the relative importance of different positions, the flexibility of positional representation, and the balance of positive and negative evidence in lexical matching.…”

Section: The Present Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This concern is reflected in explicit computational models (e.g., Adelman, 2011;Davis, 2010;Norris & Kinoshita, 2012), as well as a wealth of experimental research, much of it using the masked form priming paradigm developed by Forster and Davis (1984, ;Forster, Davis, Schoknecht, & Carter, 1987). In these experiments (e.g., Davis & Bowers, 2006;Davis & Lupker, 2006;Grainger, Granier, Farioli, Van Assche, & van Heuven, 2006;Perea & Lupker, 2003), the presentation of a target stimulus for a lexical decision is preceded by a brief presentation of a potentially related (nonword) prime stimulus. From the extent that 1.4.2 responses to a word target are faster following a related nonword prime than following an unrelated prime, researchers make inferences regarding similarity between the processing evoked by the related prime and the processing evoked by a veridical presentation of the target.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Behavioral Database for Masked Form Priming

Johnson¹,

McCormick²,

McKague³

et al. 2013

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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Reading involves a process of matching an orthographic input with stored representations in lexical memory. The masked priming paradigm has become a standard tool for investigating this process. Use of existing results from this paradigm can be limited by the precision of the data and the need for cross-experiment comparisons that lack normal experimental controls. Here, we present a single, large, high-precision, multi-condition experiment to address these problems. Over 1000 participants from 14 sites responded to 840 trials involving 28 different types of orthographically related primes (e.g., castfe-CASTLE) in a lexical decision task, as well as completing measures of spelling and vocabulary. The data 1.4.1 were indeed highly sensitive to differences between conditions: After correction for multiple comparisons, prime type condition differences of 2.90 ms and above reached significance at the 5% level. This paper presents the method of data collection and preliminary findings from these data, which included replications of the most widely agreed-upon differences between prime types, further evidence for systematic individual differences in susceptibility to priming, and new evidence regarding lexical properties associated with a target word's susceptibility to priming. These analyses will form a basis for the use of these data in quantitative model fitting and evaluation, and future exploration of these data that will inform and motivate new experiments.FORM PRIMING PROJECT 3

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Section: The Present Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Behavioral Database for Masked Form Priming

Johnson¹,

McCormick²,

McKague³

et al. 2013

PsycEXTRA Dataset

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…When the overlap dimension was purely formal, no priming effects were observed (e.g., tinsel -TIN). In contrast, some studies have reported orthographic priming effects at short stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) under masked priming conditions (e.g., Chateau, Knudsen, & Jared, 2002;Forster & Azuma, 2000;Grainger, Granier, Farioli, Van Assche, & van Heuven, 2006). In three masked priming experiments manipulating prime duration, Forster and Azuma (2000) compared priming effects between a) prefixed words sharing a bound stem (submit -PERMIT), b) a prefixed word and its free stem (fold -UNFOLD), and c) unrelated words sharing their (non-morphological) final graphemes (shallow -FOLLOW).…”

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confidence: 97%

Masked constituent priming of English compounds in native and non-native speakers

Alonso

Castellanos

Müller

2016

Language, Cognition and Neuroscience

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The present research explores the degree of morphological structure of compound words in the native and nonnative lexicons, and provides additional data on the access to these representations. Native and nonnative speakers (L1 Spanish) of English were tested using a lexical decision task with masked priming of the compound's constituents in isolation, including two orthographic conditions to control for a potential orthographic locus of effects. Both groups displayed reliable priming effects, unmediated by semantics, for the morphological but not the orthographic conditions as compared to an unrelated baseline. Results contribute further evidence of morphological structure in the lexicon of native speakers, and suggest that lexical representation and access in a second language are qualitatively comparable at relatively advanced levels of proficiency.Keywords: lexical representation; non-native speakers; compounds; morphological processing; masked priming. IntroductionAmong the considerable issues in visual word recognition research, the role of morphology is hotly debated. While many agree that, at least in some cases, native visual word processing involves morphological decomposition for complex words (e.g., Marslen-Wilson, 2007), there is no consensus as to exactly how, when, and under what conditions this happens. As with any other aspect of language processing, access is crucially interesting for psycholinguists in that it is inextricably bound to representation.In fact, the existence of-or even the need for-a morphologically structured lexicon has been the subject of much discussion (see, e.g., Feldman, O'Connor, & Moscoso del Prado Martín, 2009). Focused on the visual processing of English compound words in isolation, the data reported in this article provide supporting evidence for models assuming some degree of morphological structure in the lexicon of native speakers, and suggests that lexical representations in relatively proficient second language users are equally complex.The role constituent morphemes play in the access to, and representation of, complex words has been explored systematically for the last 40 years, from the seminal studies of Forster, 1975, 1976) to the proliferation of research contrasting behavioural, electrophysiological, neuroimaging and clinical data (e.g., Bozic, Marslen-Wilson, Stamatakis, Davis, & Tyler, 2007;Fiorentino, Naito-billen, Bost, & Fund-Reznicek, 2014;MacGregor & Shtyrov, 2013;Marelli, Zonca, Contardi, & Luzzatti, 2014; Marslen-Wilson & Tyler, 2007, among others). Current positions range from models advocating exclusively morpheme mediated access (Stockall & Marantz, 2006;Taft & Nillsen, 2013), to dual/multiple-route accounts highlighting the competition (and/or cooperation) between whole-form and morpheme-based access (Hyönä, 2012), to proposals questioning the role of morphology in favour of a distributed-connectionist implementation of unmediated access to constituent and whole-word meanings through orthographic and/or phonological cues (e.g., Devlin, Jami...

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“…In this way, we can gather information about lett er-level processing while minimizing the infl uence of higher-level phonological and semantic processes. Th e assumption here is that during visual word recognition, some form of lett er-level processing must be performed before higher order codes come into play (Grainger, Granier, Farioli, Van Assche, & van Heuven, 2006;Grainger & van Heuven, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Letter Visibility and the Optimal Viewing Position Effect of Isolated Connected and Un-Connected Letters in Arabic

Ganayim¹

2015

Psychology of Language and Communication

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Th e present study provides a further exploration of the role of Arabic lett er visibility as a possible cause of the Optimal Viewing Position (OVP) eff ect. We used isolated connected and un-connected Arabic lett ers of diff erent shapes (basic, initial, medial, fi nal) placed at the center of fi xation (Experiment 1) and at various possible positions in isolated presentation (Experiment 2). In order to investigate whether performance in the visual identifi cation task is modulated by lett er type, we presented each of the isolated connected and un-connected lett er targets in each of the eleven stimulus positions across the array to produce a mean RT (ms) for each of the lett er types. Using the initial fi xation paradigm enabled us to compare reaction times with correctly identifi ed lett er targets appearing in the diff erent possible positions. Th e fi ndings of the present experiments demonstrated that visual lett er recognition is infl uenced by: (i) the isolated lett ers' type (connected, un-connected), as connected lett ers are easier to recognize than un-connected lett ers; (ii) isolated lett ers' shape (basic, initial, medial, fi nal), as medial and fi nal are harder to recognize than basic and initial lett er shapes; (iii) visual fi eld, as reading rates were longer for lett er stimuli that were presented in LVF compared to RVF; and (iv) eccentricity, as lett er reading rates were correlated with their eccentric placement.

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Letter position information and printed word perception: The relative-position priming constraint.

Cited by 187 publications

References 47 publications

A Behavioral Database for Masked Form Priming

A Behavioral Database for Masked Form Priming

Masked constituent priming of English compounds in native and non-native speakers

Letter Visibility and the Optimal Viewing Position Effect of Isolated Connected and Un-Connected Letters in Arabic

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