Letter processing in the visual system: Different activation patterns for single letters and strings

James, Karin H.; James, Thomas W.; Jobard, Gaël; Wong, Alan C.-N.; Gauthier, Isabel

doi:10.3758/cabn.5.4.452

Cited by 155 publications

(143 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…Interindividual differences in the estimates of the diffusion-model parameters were then linked to differences in brain activation as observed with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during performance of these tasks. In line with the assumptions of the diffusion model and its theoretical application to neuroscience (Heekeren, Marrett, & Ungerleider, 2008), we hypothesized that the drift rate, indicating perceptual evidence accumulation, should be associated with activation in stimuli-specific brain regions, that is, in regions involved in processing of numbers and letters ( Joseph, Cerullo, Farley, Steinmetz, & Mier, 2006;James, James, Jobard, Wong, & Gauthier, 2005;Dehaene, Piazza, Pinel, & Cohen, 2003;Eger, Sterzer, Russ, Giraud, & Kleinschmidt, 2003;Joseph, Gathers, & Piper, 2003), such as the left inferior parietal lobe. This prediction is, for example, supported by studies on monkeys that have modeled neurophysiological data from intracranial recordings as diffusion processes (Ratcliff, Hasegawa, Hasegawa, Smith, & Segraves, 2007;Ratcliff, Cherian, & Segraves, 2003;Kim & Shadlen, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Brain Areas Consistently Linked to Individual Differences in Perceptual Decision-making in Younger as well as Older Adults before and after Training

Kühn

Schmiedek

Schott

et al. 2011

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

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Abstract■ Perceptual decision-making performance depends on several cognitive and neural processes. Here, we fit Ratcliffʼs diffusion model to accuracy data and reaction-time distributions from one numerical and one verbal two-choice perceptual-decision task to deconstruct these performance measures into the rate of evidence accumulation (i.e., drift rate), response criterion setting (i.e., boundary separation), and peripheral aspects of performance (i.e., nondecision time). These theoretical processes are then related to individual differences in brain activation by means of multiple regression. The sample consisted of 24 younger and 15 older adults performing the task in fMRI before and after 100 daily 1-hr behavioral training sessions in a multitude of cognitive tasks. Results showed that individual differences in boundary separation were related to striatal activity, whereas differences in drift rate were related to activity in the inferior parietal lobe. These associations were not significantly modified by adult age or perceptual expertise. We conclude that the striatum is involved in regulating response thresholds, whereas the inferior parietal lobe might represent decision-making evidence related to letters and numbers. ■

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Brain Areas Consistently Linked to Individual Differences in Perceptual Decision-making in Younger as well as Older Adults before and after Training

Kühn

Schmiedek

Schott

et al. 2011

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

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“…Individual letters or digits are perceptually analyzed in dedicated visual areas such as the anterior left fusiform gyrus (e.g., James et al, 2005), and the outcome of these analyses may be used to guide attention towards objects with sets of visual features that are diagnostic for the currently taskrelevant category. In this case, the allocation of attention towards targets that are defined by their alphanumerical category would essentially be based on a potentially complex conjunction of visual features (see Yang & Zelinsky, 2009, for a similar model of attentional guidance by the category of real-world visual objects).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Category-based guidance of spatial attention during visual search for feature conjunctions.

Nako

Grubert

Eimer

2016

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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Publisher's copyright statement:c 2016 APA, all rights reserved. This article may not exactly replicate the nal version published in the APA journal. It is not the copy of record.Additional information: Use policyThe full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. AbstractThe question whether alphanumerical category is involved in the control of attentional target selection during visual search remains a contentious issue. We tested whether category-based attentional mechanisms would guide the allocation of attention under conditions where targets were defined by a combination of alphanumerical category and a basic visual feature, and search displays could contain both targets and partially matching distractor objects. The N2pc component was employed as an electrophysiological marker of attentional object selection in tasks where target objects were defined by a conjunction of color and category (Experiment 1) or shape and category (Experiment 2).Some search displays contained the target or a nontarget object that matched either the target color/shape or its category among three non-matching distractors. In other displays, the target and a partially matching nontarget object appeared together. N2pc components were elicited not only by targets and by color-or shape-matching nontargets, but also by category-matching nontarget objects, even on trials where a target was present in the same display. On these trials, the summed N2pc components to the two types of partially matching nontargets were initially equal in size to the target N2pc, suggesting that attention was allocated simultaneously and independently to all objects with target-matching features during the early phase of attentional processing. Results demonstrate that alphanumerical category is a genuine guiding feature that can operate in parallel with color or shape information to control the deployment of attention during visual search.Keywords: selective attention, visual search, category-based attentional control, eventrelated brain potentials, feature-based attention, object-based attention 3 3

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“…We identified the peak coordinates of FFA based on the localizer group maps and extracted activations in all three experiments within the 6 ϫ 6 ϫ 6 mm 3 area of the peak coordinates. We then created four additional ROIs medial, lateral, anterior, and posterior to the actual FFA by changing the values of the x and y coordinates for 10 or Ϫ10 (see supplemental material, available at www.jneurosci.org, for the exact coordinates in each of the ROIs) (for a similar approach, see James et al, 2005;Xue and Poldrack, 2007;Wong et al, 2009). We briefly mention the results of these analyses here.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Many Faces of Expertise: Fusiform Face Area in Chess Experts and Novices

Bilalić

Langner²,

Ulrich³

et al. 2011

Journal of Neuroscience

156

124

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The fusiform face area (FFA) is involved in face perception to such an extent that some claim it is a brain module for faces exclusively. The other possibility is that FFA is modulated by experience in individuation in any visual domain, not only faces. Here we test this latter FFA expertise hypothesis using the game of chess as a domain of investigation. We exploited the characteristic of chess, which features multiple objects forming meaningful spatial relations. In three experiments, we show that FFA activity is related to stimulus properties and not to chess skill directly. In all chess and non-chess tasks, experts' FFA was more activated than that of novices' only when they dealt with naturalistic full-board chess positions. When common spatial relationships formed by chess objects in chess positions were randomly disturbed, FFA was again differentially active only in experts, regardless of the actual task. Our experiments show that FFA contributes to the holistic processing of domain-specific multipart stimuli in chess experts. This suggests that FFA may not only mediate human expertise in face recognition but, supporting the expertise hypothesis, may mediate the automatic holistic processing of any highly familiar multipart visual input.

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Letter processing in the visual system: Different activation patterns for single letters and strings

Cited by 155 publications

References 63 publications

Brain Areas Consistently Linked to Individual Differences in Perceptual Decision-making in Younger as well as Older Adults before and after Training

Brain Areas Consistently Linked to Individual Differences in Perceptual Decision-making in Younger as well as Older Adults before and after Training

Category-based guidance of spatial attention during visual search for feature conjunctions.

Many Faces of Expertise: Fusiform Face Area in Chess Experts and Novices

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