Letter to the Editor

De, Townsend

doi:10.1006/gyno.1996.0175

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Thus, the HPV cofactors may play an important role in the development of AC of the cervix (Castellsague et al , 2006). In utero exposure to DES has been consistently linked to clear cell adenocarcinoma (CCA) of the vagina and cervix in young women, with risks reported to be greater than twenty-fold (Herbst et al , 1971; Hatch et al , 1998) while two case reports suggested that DES exposure in utero might be also associated with the development of non-clear-cell adenocarcinoma (Townsend, 1996). DES is a potent synthetic estrogen that was prescribed to pregnant women between 1940 and 1971 to prevent spontaneous abortion and premature delivery, and related complications of pregnancy in the United States and Europe(IARC, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A birth cohort analysis of the incidence of adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix in the USA

Zhu

Bassig

Zhang

et al. 2015

European Journal of Cancer Prevention

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Objectives We investigated the incidence trends for adenocarcinoma (AC) of the cervix among the 20-44 age group in the United States and compared the observed birth cohort incidence patterns with the changing patterns of exposure to potential risk factors associated with AC of the cervix, such as infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), use of diethylstilbestrol (DES), obesity, and use of oral contraceptives. Methods Using data from the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program for 1973-2010, we conducted age–period–cohort modeling to evaluate birth cohort patterns on incidence trends of AC of the cervix over time. Results The increase in incidence of AC of the cervix started among those born around the mid 1940s and accelerated up until around the mid 1960s birth cohort in both whites and in all races combined, regardless of the assumed period slope. There was a suggestion that the incidence rates of AC of the cervix slowed down after the 1975 birth cohort in both whites and all races combined. Conclusion DES was used by millions of women in the United States as a synthetic estrogen between the years 1940-1971. This time period of DES use among pregnant women parallels the observed birth cohort trends in our study, whereby a notable acceleration of AC of the cervix incidence rates was observed for those born in the mid 1940s through the mid 1975s. Thus, our results appear to suggest that in utero exposure to DES might be at least partly responsible for the observed incidence pattern of AC of the cervix as observed in this study.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A birth cohort analysis of the incidence of adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix in the USA

Zhu

Bassig

Zhang

et al. 2015

European Journal of Cancer Prevention

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“…118 Locals complained that the misery of their town was multiplied by the paupers who flocked in from surrounding areas. 119 Similarly, benevolent circles in Cork were alarmed by Skibbereen sending its poor over to their city. The suspicion that charitable funds were misappropriated in hiring carriages to dispose of the destitute caused particular indignation.…”

Section: Domestic and Overseas Migrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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2020

Humanitarianism in the Modern World

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The humanitarian sector facilitates the flow of money, goods, or services to people in dire need and tries 'to be as fair as possible in an unfair world'. 1 In neoclassical economicsthe doctrine that has conditioned humanitarianism for more than a centurythe key concern is the allocation of resources with maximum efficiency, based on information, including prices, transmitted by markets. This tends to reinforce the prevailing pattern of distribution, which is seen as an 'equilibrium' in accordance with the common good. Such a pattern does not address inequalities and needs, and is indifferent to an individual's claim to a right of subsistence. 2 Donor decisions, on the other hand, are driven less by notions of efficiency and more by an emotional response to aid appeals; political, religious, or communal affiliations; or what they consider to be appropriate and fair. Humanitarian organisations are bound to consider such preferences in any given crisis, while at the same time recognising what impact allocation decisions have as moral statement and what they might mean for future donor behaviour. 3 The sphere of charity is thus a subsidiary market that lacks a price mechanism which would facilitate basic transactions, and that is only loosely linked to the final destination of relief goods. The market for donations, which calibrates sponsor motivation and information provided by aid organisations and the media, depends generally on discretionary sums. This volatile market for contributions is not supported by a comparably efficient mechanism informing aid organisations about which needs to address. On the contrary, a prevailing disaster tends to prevent recipients from being able to offer money in exchange

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Letter to the Editor

Cited by 2 publications

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A birth cohort analysis of the incidence of adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix in the USA

A birth cohort analysis of the incidence of adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix in the USA

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