Letter to the editor

Blum, Haywood; Osbakken, Mary D.

doi:10.1002/nbm.1940040409

Cited by 5 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 15 publications

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“…27 This was followed by uproar from those present who argued that if this policy were to be followed, then "nearly all major churches would be without episcopal services." 28 At this point, Leo executed a rapid reversal of policy and decided after "long and voluminous discussion" that simoniacs would have to do 40 days penance and then, crucially, "function in the office of orders he had received." 29 In other words, no one found guilty of simony would lose their job in the church.…”

Section: A P 1 Trans Appenine Corridormentioning

confidence: 99%

Pope Leo IX: A reforming pope?

Smith

2019

History Compass

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Section: A P 1 Trans Appenine Corridormentioning

confidence: 99%

Pope Leo IX: A reforming pope?

Smith

2019

History Compass

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Dipolar coupling and ordering effects observed in magnetic resonance spectra of skeletal muscle

Boesch

Kreis

2001

NMR in Biomedicine

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Skeletal muscle is a biological structure with a high degree of organization at different spatial levels. This order influences magnetic resonance (MR) in vivo-in particular 1 H-spectra-by a series of effects that have very distinct physical sources and biomedical applications: (a) bulk fat (extramyocellular lipids, EMCL) along fasciae forms macroscopic plates, changing the susceptibility within these structures compared to the spherical droplets that contain intra-myocellular lipids (IMCL); this effect leads to a separation of the signals from EMCL and IMCL; (b) dipolar coupling effects due to anisotropic motional averaging have been shown for 1 H-resonances of creatine, taurine, and lactate; (c) aromatic protons of carnosine show orientation-dependent effects that can be explained by dipolar coupling, chemical shift anisotropy or by relaxation anisotropy; (d) limited rotational freedom and/or compartmentation may explain differences of 1 H-MR-visibility of the creatine/phosphocreatine resonances; (e) lactate 1 H-MR resonances are reported to reveal information on tissue compartmentation; (f) transverse relaxation of water and metabolites show multiple components, indicative of intra-, extracellular and/or macromolecular-bound pools, and in addition dipolar or J-coupling lead to a modulation of the signal decay, hindering straightforward interpretation; (g) diffusion weighted 31 P-MRS has shown restricted diffusion of phosphocreatine; (h) magnetization transfer (MT) indicates that there is a motionally restricted proton pool in spin-exchange with free creatine; reduced availability or restricted motion of creatine is particularly important for an estimation of ADP from 31 P-MR spectra, and in addition MT effects may alter the signal intensity of creatine 1 H-resonances following water-suppression pulses; (i) transcytolemmal water-exchange can be studied in 1 H-MRS by contrast-agents applied to the extracellular space; (k) transport of glucose across the cell membrane has been studied in diabetes patients using a combination of 13 C-and 31 P-MRS; and (l) residual quadrupolar interaction in 23 Na MR spectra from human skeletal muscle suggest that sodium ions are bound to ordered muscular structures.

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Human Brain

Kaila¹,

Kaila²

2010

Quantum Magnetic Resonance Imaging Diagnostics of Human Brain Disorders

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Letter to the editor

Cited by 5 publications

References 15 publications

Pope Leo IX: A reforming pope?

Pope Leo IX: A reforming pope?

Dipolar coupling and ordering effects observed in magnetic resonance spectra of skeletal muscle

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Human Brain

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