Magnesium (Mg2+) is a crucial mineral involved in numerous cellular processes critical for neuronal
health and function. This review explores the multifaceted roles of Mg2+, from its biochemical interactions
at the cellular level to its impact on cognitive health and behavioral regulation. Mg2+ acts as a cofactor
for over 300 enzymatic reactions, including those involved in ATP synthesis, nucleic acid stability, and neurotransmitter
release. It regulates ion channels, modulates synaptic plasticity, and maintains the structural integrity
of cell membranes, which are essential for proper neuronal signaling and synaptic transmission. Recent
studies have highlighted the significance of Mg2+ in neuroprotection, showing its ability to attenuate oxidative
stress, reduce inflammation, and mitigate excitotoxicity, thereby safeguarding neuronal health. Furthermore,
Mg2+ deficiency has been linked to a range of neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety, and
cognitive decline. Supplementation with Mg2+, particularly in the form of bioavailable compounds such as
Magnesium-L-Threonate (MgLT), Magnesium-Acetyl-Taurate (MgAT), and other Magnesium salts, has
shown some promising results in enhancing synaptic density, improving memory function, and alleviating
symptoms of mental health disorders. This review highlights significant current findings on the cellular mechanisms
by which Mg2+ exerts its neuroprotective effects and evaluates clinical and preclinical evidence supporting
its therapeutic potential. By elucidating the comprehensive role of Mg2+ in neuronal health, this review
aims to underscore the importance of maintaining optimal Mg2+ levels for cognitive function and behavioral
regulation, advocating for further research into Mg2+ supplementation as a viable intervention for neuropsychiatric
and neurodegenerative conditions.
