Leucine Aminopeptidase in the Ixodid Tick Haemaphysalis longicornis: Endogenous Expression Profiles in Midgut

Hatta, Takeshi; Tsuji, Naotoshi; Miyoshi, Takeharu; Alim, Md. Abdul; Islam, M. Khyrul; Fujisaki, Kozo

doi:10.1292/jvms.71.589

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Emerging data show that AMP enzymes may play key role(s) in regulating tick physiology (Hatta et al, 2006; 2007; 2009; 2010). For instance RNAi mediated silencing of a blood meal induced H. longicornis (BAF03566) LAMP-like enzyme that potentially play a role in tick vittelogenesis (Hatta et al, 2010).…”

Section: Metalloproteasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the time of this write up, search of literature in pubmed with query terms “tick proteases or tick proteinase” retrieved more than 320 research articles demonstrating a sustained research interest by the tick research community. To date studies on tick proteases have predominantly focused on profiling of proteolytic activity in tick tissues (Mulenga et al, 2001; Horn et al, 2009; Alim et al, 2008a; 2008b; Decrem et al, 2008a), cloning and characterization of tick protease encoding cDNAs (Mulenga et al, 1999; 2001; 2003; Hatta et al, 2009), validating the role(s) of tick encoded proteases in feeding regulation using RNAi mediated gene silencing (Miyoshi et al, 2004; Alim et al, 2009; Decrem et al, 2008b) and testing the anti-tick vaccine of recombinant tick proteases (Seixas et al, 2008). In this study we have utilized tick protease annotations in Gene Bank and the MEROPS database (version 9.3) (Rawlings et al, 2010) and Vectorbase to compile a snap shot of the I. scapularis degradome.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A snapshot of the Ixodes scapularis degradome

Mulenga

Erikson

2011

Gene

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Parasitic encoded proteases are essential to regulating interactions between parasites and their hosts and thus they represent attractive anti-parasitic druggable and/or vaccine target. We have utilized annotations of Ixodes scapularis proteases in gene bank and version 9.3 MEROPS database to compile an index of at least 233 putatively active and 150 putatively inactive protease enzymes that are encoded by the Ixodes scapularis genome. The 233 putatively active protease homologs hereafter referred to as the degradome (the full repertoire of proteases encoded by the I. scapularis genome) represents ~1.14% of the 20485 putative I. scapularis protein content. Consistent with observations in other animals, the content of the I. scapularis degradome is ~6.0% (14/233) aspartic, ~19% (44/233) cysteine, ~40% (93/233) Metallo, ~28.3% (66/233) serine and ~6.4% (15/233) threonine proteases. When scanned against other tick sequences, ~11% (25/233) of I. scapularis putatively active proteases are conserved in other tick species with ≥60% amino acid identity levels. The I. scapularis genome does not apparently encode for putatively inactive aspartic proteases. Of the 150 putative inactive protease homologs none are from the aspartic protease class, ~8% (12/150) are cysteine, ~58.7% (88/150) metallo, 30% (45/150) serine and ~3.3% (5/150) are threonine proteases. The I. scapularis tick genome appears to have evolutionarily lost proteolytic activity of at least 6 protease families, C56 and C64 (cysteine), M20 and M23 (metallo), S24 and S28 (serine) as revealed by a lack of the putatively active proteases in these families. The overall protease content is comparable to other organisms. However, the paucity of the S1 chymotrypsin/trypsin-like serine protease family in the I. scapularis genome where it is ~12.7% (28/233) of the degradome as opposed to ~22–48% content in other blood feeding arthropods, Pediculus humanus humanus, Anopheles gambiae, Aedes Aegypti and Culex pipiens quinquenfasciatus is notable. The data is presented as a one-stop index of proteases encoded by the I. scapularis genome.

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Section: Metalloproteasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A snapshot of the Ixodes scapularis degradome

Mulenga

Erikson

2011

Gene

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“…Data were collected with the use of the 7300 system SDS software version 1.4 for Windows (Applied Biosystems) and analyzed using Microsoft Excel. The cDNA levels were indexed to the H. longicornis ribosomal protein L23 (Gao et al 2007; accession number DQ849041), ribosomal protein P0 (HlP0) (Gong et al 2008; accession number EU048401), and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gapdh) (Hatta et al 2009). …”

Section: Real-time Pcrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cloning and characterization of the autophagy-related gene 6 from the hard tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis

et al. 2011

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Autophagy is the intracellular protein degradation process which is induced by starvation. Ticks have a unique tolerance for starvation, and it is possible that this tolerance is associated with their longevity. Previously, we isolated the homologues of four autophagy-related (ATG) genes in the hard tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis, suggesting that autophagy appeared to play an important role in tolerance for starvation as well as the development of ticks. In this study, the homologue of ATG6 was isolated from H. longicornis (HlATG6). HlATG6 mRNA expression was higher in the egg and unfed larval stages than in other stages and upregulated in ovaries during the blood-feeding period. Moreover, HlATG6-knockdowned ticks laid a few and poorly developed eggs that were white brown in color and not well surface-coated with wax. However, the expression of vitellogenin (Vg)-2, HlVg-2, in the fat body of HlATG6-knockdowned ticks was significantly upregulated. In addition, hemolymph had a deep brown color in HlATG6-knockdowned ticks on day 21 after engorgement and drop-off, indicating that the Vgs synthesized by the fat body and midgut are retained and accumulated in the hemolymph of HlATG6-knockdowned ticks, probably due to the downregulation of the Vg uptake capability of oocytes. Interestingly, HlATG6 knockdown provided non-significant influences on the expression of the Vg receptor (HlVgR) at oocytes, suggesting a non-significant depression of VgR-mediated endocytosis in the oocytes of HlATG6-knockdowned ticks. Therefore, it was interpreted that the repression of Vg uptake in the oocytes of HlATG6-knockdowned ticks may be involved in endocytic processes other than the receptor recognition of Vgs in oocytes.

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“…We identified four clusters and two peptidase species similar to LAP, with the strongest expression in gut tissues (Additional file 4). LAPs were previously identified in the digestive organs of blood-feeding parasites including ticks [ 155 ], schistosomes [ 156 ], and Plasmodium spp. [ 157 ] and were found to be involved in the final stage of hemoglobin digestion.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Next Generation Sequencing Identifies Five Major Classes of Potentially Therapeutic Enzymes Secreted byLucilia sericataMedical Maggots

Franta

Vogel

Lehmann

et al. 2016

BioMed Research International

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Lucilia sericata larvae are used as an alternative treatment for recalcitrant and chronic wounds. Their excretions/secretions contain molecules that facilitate tissue debridement, disinfect, or accelerate wound healing and have therefore been recognized as a potential source of novel therapeutic compounds. Among the substances present in excretions/secretions various peptidase activities promoting the wound healing processes have been detected but the peptidases responsible for these activities remain mostly unidentified. To explore these enzymes we applied next generation sequencing to analyze the transcriptomes of different maggot tissues (salivary glands, gut, and crop) associated with the production of excretions/secretions and/or with digestion as well as the rest of the larval body. As a result we obtained more than 123.8 million paired-end reads, which were assembled de novo using Trinity and Oases assemblers, yielding 41,421 contigs with an N50 contig length of 2.22 kb and a total length of 67.79 Mb. BLASTp analysis against the MEROPS database identified 1729 contigs in 577 clusters encoding five peptidase classes (serine, cysteine, aspartic, threonine, and metallopeptidases), which were assigned to 26 clans, 48 families, and 185 peptidase species. The individual enzymes were differentially expressed among maggot tissues and included peptidase activities related to the therapeutic effects of maggot excretions/secretions.

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Leucine Aminopeptidase in the Ixodid Tick Haemaphysalis longicornis: Endogenous Expression Profiles in Midgut

Cited by 12 publications

References 31 publications

A snapshot of the Ixodes scapularis degradome

A snapshot of the Ixodes scapularis degradome

Cloning and characterization of the autophagy-related gene 6 from the hard tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis

Next Generation Sequencing Identifies Five Major Classes of Potentially Therapeutic Enzymes Secreted byLucilia sericataMedical Maggots

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