Leukoplakia in the Oral Cavity and Oral Microbiota: A Comprehensive Review

Pietrobon, Giacomo; Tagliabue, Marta; Stringa, L; Berardinis, Rita De; Chu, Francesco; Zocchi, Jacopo; Carlotto, Elena; Chiocca, Susanna; Ansarin, Mohssen

doi:10.3390/cancers13174439

Cited by 18 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…For an individual microbiome and its ability to produce ACH, poor oral hygiene, dysbiotic microflora (independent risk factor for oropharyngeal cancer), smoking and drinking alcohol increase the production of ACH [ 146 , 147 , 148 , 152 ]. Severe leukoplakia and insufficient oral hygiene promote a dysbiotic, fungal microflora [ 146 , 153 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other potent producers of ACH are Rothia mucilaginosa , Neisseria spp., Streptococcus spp. [ 152 , 154 ]. A role of bacteria in carcinogenesis relies on the expression of alcohol dehydrogenases and the lack of ability to produce functional acetaldehyde dehydrogenases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A role of bacteria in carcinogenesis relies on the expression of alcohol dehydrogenases and the lack of ability to produce functional acetaldehyde dehydrogenases. If the bacteria have the gene encoding acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, they may have no carcinogenic effect or even possess a protective role [ 152 ]. Generally, the oral microbiome has a very low or no aldehyde dehydrogenase activity [ 147 , 149 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Fresh Look at Mouthwashes—What Is Inside and What Is It For?

Radzki

Wilhelm-Węglarz

Pruska

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Mouthwashes are a very popular additional oral hygiene element and there are plenty of individual products, whose compositions are in a state of flux. The aim of our study was to investigate the compositions of mouthwashes and their functions, as well as to discuss their effectiveness in preventing and curing oral diseases and side effects. We searched for mouthwashes available on the market in Poland. We identified 241 individual mouthwash products. The extraction of compositions was performed and functions of the ingredients were assessed. Then, analysis was performed. The evaluation revealed that there are plenty of ingredients, but a typical mouthwash is a water–glycerine mixture and consists of additional sweetener, surfactant, preservative, and some colourant and flavouring agent, as well as usually having two oral health substances, anticaries sodium fluoride and antimicrobial essential oils. The effectiveness or side effects of several substances of mouthwashes were thoroughly discussed. We recommend not multiplying individual mouthwash products and their ingredients beyond medical or pharmaceutical necessity, especially without scientific proof.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Fresh Look at Mouthwashes—What Is Inside and What Is It For?

Radzki

Wilhelm-Węglarz

Pruska

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…Oral cancer is a complex and multifactorial disease associated with different risk factors that can be modified such as alcohol consumption, tobacco use, a low fiber diet [4] and HPV infection with a 30-fold increased risk for individuals who both smoke and drink heavily. Furthermore, oral dysbiosis has been linked to periodontal disease and was reported to be a possible etiologic factor for oral squamous cell carcinoma, either isolated or synergistic with other agents [5]. It was reported that OC has been associated with increased oxidative stress, as lipid peroxidation, and reduced antioxidants were reported in patients suffering from stage II, III and IV oral cancer [6] as well as autophagy [7,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxidative Stress and Autophagy Mediate Anti-Cancer Properties of Cannabis Derivatives in Human Oral Cancer Cells

Loubaki

Rouabhia

Zahrani

et al. 2022

Cancers

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Cannabinoids, the active components of cannabis exert palliative effects in cancer patients by preventing nausea, vomiting and pain as well as by stimulating appetite. Recent studies indicated that cannabinoids could be helpful in treating certain rare forms of cancer and other inflammatory diseases. The objective of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic effect of a cannabinoid mixture (CM) in oral cells. Thus, normal and cancer gingival cells were treated with different concentrations of CM to evaluate their proliferation by MTT assay, cytotoxicity by using LDH assay, colony formation with crystal violet and migration by the scratch method. In addition, apoptosis, autophagy, oxidative stress, antioxidant level, DNA damage and the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) generated by proton pumps were measured by flow cytometry. Furthermore, deactivation of the key signaling pathways involved in cancer progression such as NF-κB, ERK1/2, p38, STAT1, STAT3, STAT5 was also evaluated by this technique. These outcomes indicate that CM, at a concentration higher than 0.1 µg/mL, provokes high cytotoxicity in Ca9-22 oral cancer cells but not in GMSM-K gingival normal cells. Apoptosis, autophagy, antioxidant levels and mitochondrial stress as well as DNA damage in oral cells were increased following exposure to low concentration (1 µg/mL). In addition, major signaling pathways that are involved such as MAPKase, STATs and NF-κB pathways were inhibited by CM as well as cell migration. Our results suggest that cannabinoids could potentially have a beneficial effect on oral cancer therapy.

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“…In addition to smoking and drinking, oral bacteria have been reported to be associated with oral cancer 2 , 5 , 6 . The involvement of oral bacteria has also attracted attention in terms of malignant changes from oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) to OSCC 7 , 8 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in the microbiota of oral rinse, lesion, and normal site samples from patients with mucosal abnormalities on the tongue

Shitozawa

Haro

Ogawa

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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The oral microbiota associated with mucosal diseases, including oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral potentially malignant disorders, have been extensively analyzed at the phylum and genus levels. However, the details of the oral microbiota remain unclear at the species and operational taxonomic unit (OTU) levels. We aimed to determine differences in the microbiota of oral rinse, lesion and normal site swab samples of patients with mucosal abnormalities on the tongues. Oral samples were obtained from 10 patients with oral mucosal abnormalities. Alpha and beta diversity at the OTU and genus levels of the microbiota samples were analyzed using OTUs clustered with 99.6% similarity based on 16S rRNA gene sequences obtained using the Sanger method. At the OTU level, the microbiota of the lesions were the least diverse but were different from those of the normal site and oral rinse samples. The OTUs corresponding to Streptococcus infantis and Haemophilus parainfluenzae were suggested to contribute to the differences between the microbiota of the lesions and normal sites. At the genus level, no significant differences between these microbiota were observed. In conclusion, strict OTU-level microbiota analysis might be able to discriminate lesions from normal sites of patients with mucosal abnormalities.

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Leukoplakia in the Oral Cavity and Oral Microbiota: A Comprehensive Review

Cited by 18 publications

References 32 publications

A Fresh Look at Mouthwashes—What Is Inside and What Is It For?

A Fresh Look at Mouthwashes—What Is Inside and What Is It For?

Oxidative Stress and Autophagy Mediate Anti-Cancer Properties of Cannabis Derivatives in Human Oral Cancer Cells

Differences in the microbiota of oral rinse, lesion, and normal site samples from patients with mucosal abnormalities on the tongue

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