“…The behavioral end points employed include some that are described in somewhat vague terms and are difficult to quantify (e.g., "signs of discomfort", "gross, purposeful movement", "escape movement response", "vigorous attempt to remove the paw") and more specific, quantifiable responses ("lick/chew response", "ear flick"). All of the models summarized in Table 2 suffer in one respect or another (1974), Schweizer et al (1984), Schweizer and Brom (1985) Strictly, no, but intra-arterial injection of inflammatory mediators Wynn et al (1984), Bergman et al (1991Bergman et al ( , 1988, Hyatt et al (1989), Manzon (1989) (1) "Head lift" response; (2) "escape movement" response Voltage required to evoke behavioral responses Low from technical complexity (e.g., complicated surgery), low efficiency/throughput and low end point resolution (i.e., difficulty in reliably generating dose-effect functions for analgesics). Furthermore, the use of restraint in all of the models in which conscious rabbits are used introduces the potential confounding factors of stress-induced hypoalgesia or stress-induced hyperalgesia (Manning, 2004).…”