Level and risk assessment of selected polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and organochlorine pesticides in walnut and soil

Review of scientific literature on available methods of assessing organochlorine pesticides in the environment

“…The LODs are measures of the lowest level of a pesticide that can be detected with acceptable precision and accuracy under specified test conditions [ 253 ]. Researchers have defined LODs in various ways, such as the logarithm of odds estimated on the basis of signal-to-noise ratio of 3 (3(S/N)) [ 205 ], the lowest concentration that produced a chromatographic peak that was three times larger than the background noise [ 48 ], higher value between the IDL and LOQ of blank samples [ 254 ], lowest addition level for the recovery analysis [ 85 ], amount of analytes per sample corresponding to the lowest calibration [ 255 , 256 ], and the concentration of analytes in a sample that yielded peak S/N [ 19 , 257 ]. The LOQ on the other hand is the lowest amount of a particular type of pesticide in the tested sample that can be determined under the specified test conditions with acceptable precision and accuracy [ 258 ].…”

“… S/N LOD MDL LOQ Reference 1 3σ 10σ [ 17 ] 2 3SD [ 255 , 122 , [274] , [275] , [276] ]. [ 98 , 256 ] 4 concentration of native Component in the quantification standard divided by 3S/N [ 26 , 87 ], 4 3SD 10SD [ 189 ] 5 mean of solvent blank + 25 ppb of surrogate standard, + 3SD [ 275 ] 6 10S/N [ 85 ] 7 2SD 10SD [ 277 ] 8 S + 3.3σ 3*LOD [ 93 ] 9 Sum of average of blank data and 3SD 10SD (i.e. MQL) [ 177 ] 10 Average of all blanks + 3SD [ 73 , [94] , [95]...…”

“…RT: 6.542–15.628” [ 304 ] Needle leaves 11 2.3 × 10 −4 -0.026 52–117 HRGC-HRMS: “The oven temperature was 60 °C initially, held for 1.5 min and ramped at 10 °C/min to 140 °C, then increased to 220 °C at 4 °C/min, and ramped at 2 °C/min to 250 °C, and finally ramped to 300 °C at 8 °C/min” [ 305 ] Pine needle 10 0–3.25 pg a ; IDL: 0.04 pg a 0–9.087 pg a 50–120 GC-MS: “initial temperature 50 °C (1min), 25 °C/min up to 200 °C, 8 °C/min up to 300 °C, 5.5 min stayed, 5 °C/min rise to 310 °C for 3 min” [ 306 ] Meat 19 0.27–1.51 1.10–5.20 81.6–116.3 1.78–18.2 GC-MS: “Split, Column 50 °C (0.4 min hold) to 195 °C at 25 °C/min; hold to 265 °C for 1.5 min at 8 °C/min; maintained at 315 °C for 1.25 min at 20 °C/min” [ 307 ] Walnut, soil 21 0.1–0.5 0.1–15.76 80–110 GC-MS/MS: “Splitless, the initial temperature of 70 °C was maintained for 2 min, and then ramped up to 150 °C at 25 °C/min, then to 200 °C at 3 °C/min, and finally to 250 °C at 8 °C/min for 10 min. RT: 9.19–29.41” [ 85 ] Rice, soil 22 0.02–0.76 0.06–2.6 Surrogate: 76- 110 GC-ECD: “Oven temperature program was initially set at 80 °C and held for 2 min, then increased to 195 °C at the rate of 10 °C/min. The increased temperature ramped to 230 °C at the rate of 3 °C/min, finally ramped to 310 °C at the rate of 10 °C/min, and held for 5 min” [ 308 ] Therapeutic tea …”