Level of education, level of income, and level of fatness in adults

Garn, Stanley M.; Bailey, Stephen; Cole, Patricia E.; Higgins, I. T. T.

doi:10.1093/ajcn/30.5.721

Cited by 74 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…15 However, these relationships are found more frequently in girls than in boys (as shown in this study). A number of studies have shown an inverse relationship between the level of parental education and overweight, 37,38 similar to the association between occupation of the father and overweight found in the present study. In contrast to this ®nding some studies report that higher parental income is associated with higher risk of child obesity.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Prevalence of overweight and obesity among school children in Jena (Germany)

et al. 1999

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OBJECTIVES: To examine the prevalence and changes in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among school children in Jena (Germany) in the last twenty years and to identify factors associated with childhood overweight. DESIGN: Cross-sectional surveys in 1975Cross-sectional surveys in , 1985Cross-sectional surveys in , 1995 and a household questionnaire in 1995. SUBJECTS: Children from schools in Jena, aged 7 ± 14 y, participated (1975 : 1002 boys and 1000 girls; 1985 : 781 boys and 753 girls; 1995 : 989 boys and 912 girls). MEASUREMENTS: Prevalence of overweight or obesity based on the 90th or 97th age ± and sex ± speci®c percentile of the body mass index (BMI) developed for French children. In 1995 factors examined in relation to overweight included birth weight, birth length, age ± class, number of children in household, occupation of the father, education of the mother and size of¯at (apartment). RESULTS: In boys the prevalence of overweight increased from 10.0 to 16.3% and in girls from 11.7 to 20.7% between 1975 and 1995. The prevalence of obesity increased from 5.3 to 8.2% in boys and from 4.7 to 9.9% in girls between 1975 and 1995. However, the peak in the increase of overweight as well as of obesity lie for both sexes between 1985 and 1995. Using logistic regression, statistically signi®cant associations with overweight were found for occupation of the father, birth weight in both sexes and additionally, for size of¯at in girls. CONCLUSIONS: Overweight and obesity are incresing health problems among Jena children. Further investigations are needed to explore the in¯uence of factors such as feeding pattern, food habits and physical activity on overweight. Special attention should be paid to the further social development in the society and to the link between low social class and overweight. Through such investigations effective preventive strategies could be developed.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Prevalence of overweight and obesity among school children in Jena (Germany)

et al. 1999

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“…In addition, the participants had a minimum of a high school diploma and a maximum of a bachelors degree and no established medical contraindications to exercise. These participation criteria were established to control for confounding variables including age, occupation and education which have been shown to be related to body composition and activity (8). The remaining variability associated with the confounding variables were statistically controlled with covariance procedures.…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Others have suggested rather significant heritability (20% to 30% of the variance) of habitual physical activity (18). Reference to possible racial differences are absent in these studies and do not address other confounders such as socioeconomic and cultural factors (8).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Biracial Differences in Physical Activity and Body Composition Among Women

et al. 1995

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TUTEN, CHRIS, RICHARD PETOSA, ROGER SARGENT AND ANNE WESTON. Biracial differences in physical activity and body composition among women. Obes Res. 1995;3:313-318. Overweight among black females is almost two times as frequent as among white females. Genetics, caloric intake, and physical activity have been identified as possible explanatory factors. This study assessed the differences in physical activity and body composition in 76 white and 66 black adult females. Black women had significantly higher (p=.OOOl) percent body fat (32.2 f 7.1) than white women (27.7 k 6.5) with a similar difference in weight (4.4 kg) approaching significance (p=.055). Physical activity was assessed using a structured 24-hour recall instrument. A purposive sampling design was implemented to control for age, education and occupation. A summary physical activity value unit for the 24-hour period revealed a significantly greater mean value for white females (41.93 + 4.7) than for black females (40.01 k 3.9) suggesting white females were more physically active (p=.02) although this was not a function of biracial differences in playhecreation and exerciselsport type of activities. Although both black and white females were found to be sedentary (MET value 5 2 ) over 90 percent of the time, black women were significantly more sedentary (p=.03). Biracial differences in discretionary non-exercise oriented activities may contribute to different rates of overweight observed between black and white women.

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“…The problem of overweight is higher among females than males, blacks than whites, and the poor than the non-poor (Ross & Mirowsky, 1983). Garn et al (1977) explored level of education and income in relation to adult fatness. Males were more likely to be fatter with higher education and income, while females having higher education and income were more likely to be lean.…”

Section: The Social Ecology Of Obesitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Social Ecological Prediction of Obesity in U.S. Naval Personnel

Bois¹,

Goodman²

1989

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Summary ProblemObesity has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality. While obesity in the Navy is less a problem than for the U.S. population as a whole, the physical health and combat readiness of active duty personnel, is a vital concern for the Navy. PurposeThe purpose of the study was to assess personal, environmental, and psychosocial factors related to obesity in a Navy sample. The goals of the research were: 1) to evaluate demographic characteristics related to obesity, 2) to examine psychosocial mechanisms involved with obesity, and 3) to construct a heuristic model of obesity that includes the environmental, personal and psychosocial components of obesity. Two hypotheses are investigated. Hypothesis 1: obesity will be higher among enlisted personnel and those with less education. Hypothesis 2: obese individuals will exhibit more dysfunctional eating behaviors in response to stress than the nonobese. ApproachThe sample consisted of 153 subjects. Those whose percent body fat fell within acceptable standards constituted 41% of the sample, while 59% were classified as overfat. Attempts were made to match lean and overfat subjects according to sex, age, ethnicity, and rank. ResultsThe socioeconomic hypothesis, which stated that lower ranking and less education would be associated with higher percent fat, received support. The psychosocial hypothesis explored eating behaviors and coping in response to stress and was not supported. ConclusionsThe results suggest that adiposity in the Navy has a strong relationship to obesity-prone food behaviors, family obesity, and lower socioeconomic level.The Navy's weight reduction programs could enhance their behavioral interventions by addressing food obsessions associated with obesity. Treatment for food obsessions should assist the individual toward implementing alternative behaviors to eating, selecting low-calorie foods for in-between meal snacks, and mobilizing social resources as positive reinforcement strategies for long term behavior change. By enhancing the subject's behavioral repertoire, the Navy should benefit from more successful behavioral intervention for weight control.

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Level of education, level of income, and level of fatness in adults

Cited by 74 publications

References 7 publications

Prevalence of overweight and obesity among school children in Jena (Germany)

Prevalence of overweight and obesity among school children in Jena (Germany)

Biracial Differences in Physical Activity and Body Composition Among Women

Social Ecological Prediction of Obesity in U.S. Naval Personnel

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