“…In addition to providing a novel means to localize patterns of SMI, measured via mu components across groups and conditions, ICA has been suggested as a potential solution to problems that muscle artifacts pose to EEG signals during studies involving movement (Ma, Tao, Bayram, Svetnik, 2012;van der Meer, Tijssen, Bour, Rootselaar, Nederveen, 2010). Recently, a number of studies have used ICA to separate muscular components from neural components, including studies of tongue movements (Morash, Bai, Furlani, Lin, Hallet, 2009), finger movements and hand movements (Morash et al, 2009;Shou et al, 2012), walking and running movements (Gwin et al, 2010;Wagner et al, 2012), knee and ankle movements (Gwin and Ferris, 2012), and foot movements (Morash et al, 2009). Collectively, the studies above all reported mu-alpha and mu-beta ERD in component clusters that were localized to the premotor and/or primary motor and somatosensory cortices during action execution, and further validated the use of whole head EEG and ICA to analyze dynamic changes in SMI during tasks that require movement.…”