Levels and sources of phthalate esters in shallow groundwater and surface water of Dongguan city, South China

Huang, Guanxing; Sun, Jichao; Chen, Zongyu; Chen, Xi; Jing, Jihong; Liu, Jingtao; Zhang, Yuxi

doi:10.2343/geochemj.1.0172

Cited by 18 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Therefore, the water might be contaminated with PAEs prior to bottling. PAEs have been detected in tap water [17] and were even detected in pure water in the current study, indicating that PAEs were ubiquitous environmental pollutants, and they could be found in various environments [18][19][20]. Therefore, more strict measurements should be taken to eliminate the potential risk of chemical compounds in PET bottled drinking water during the whole production process [21].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Phthalate Esters and Their Potential Risk in PET Bottled Water Stored under Common Conditions

Zhou

Lei

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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A great deal of attention has been paid lately to release of phthalate esters (PAEs) from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles into PET bottled drinking water due to their potential endocrine-disrupting effects. Three kinds of PAEs, including diethyl phthalate (DEP), dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP), were detected in 10 popular brands of PET bottles in Beijing, ranging from 101.97 μg/kg to 709.87 μg/kg. Meanwhile, six kinds of PAEs, including DEP, DMP, DBP, n-butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), were detected in PET bottled water, ranging from 0.19 μg/L to 0.98 μg/L, under an outdoor storage condition, while their concentrations ranged from 0.18 μg/L to 0.71 μg/L under an indoor storage condition. Furthermore, the concentrations of PAEs in brand D and E bottles were slightly increased when the storage time was prolonged. In addition, the concentrations of PAEs in commercial water contained in brand B and H bottles and pure water contained in brand E and G bottles were also slightly increased with the increase of storage temperature. Interestingly, DBP mainly contributed to the increased PAEs levels in simulation water. These results suggest that a part of the PAEs in PET bottled water originated from plastic bottles, which was related to the storage time and temperature. However, the PAEs in PET bottled water only pose a negligible risk to consumers if they follow the recommendations, such as storage at a common place (24 °C), away from sun and in a short period of time.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Phthalate Esters and Their Potential Risk in PET Bottled Water Stored under Common Conditions

Zhou

Lei

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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“…The relative lack of influence from population and land use is attributed to the higher effect posed by hydrogeological factors. Other studies (Zhang et al, 2009; Huang et al, 2012) have also reported that hydrogeological factor, such as strong hydraulic connection between groundwater and surface water, are more important in predicting the presence and concentrations of phthalates in groundwater than population and land use. Proximity analysis to localized potential sources suggest greater likelihood of finding phthalates more frequently near RCRA-CA and landfill sites and, similar to Liu et al (2010), a potential significant contribution of landfills to phthalate contamination.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Sorensen et al (2015) reported DEHP (dry season: 22 µg L −1 ; wet season: 5 µg L −1 ) and total phthalate (dry: 45 µg L −1 ; wet: 5.1 µgL −1 ) concentrations in urban groundwater in Africa. Huang et al (2012) and Zhang et al (2009) reported presence of multiple phthalates in different areas of China, with total phthalate concentrations ranging from no detection to 6.7 µg L −1 . DEHP and DBP were the most detected phthalates, and their source was mostly attributed to surface water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of hydrogeological and anthropogenic variables on phthalate contamination in eogenetic karst groundwater systems

Torres

Xue

Padilla

et al. 2018

Environmental Pollution

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This study investigates the occurrence of six phthalates and distribution of the three most-detected phthalates in the karst region of northern Puerto Rico (KRNPR) using data from historical records and current field measurements. Statistical data analyses, including ANOVA, Chi-Square, and logistic regression models are used to examine the major factors affecting the presence and concentrations of phthalates in the KRNPR. The most detected phthalates include DEHP, DBP, and DEP. At least one phthalate specie is detected above DL in 7% of the samples and 24% of the sampling sites. Concentrations of total phthalates average 5.08 ± 1.37 μg L, and range from 0.093 to 58.4 μg L. The analysis shows extensive spatial and temporal presence of phthalates resulting from dispersed phthalate sources throughout the karst aquifers. Hydrogeological factors are significantly more important in predicting the presence and concentrations of phthalates in eogenetic karst aquifers than anthropogenic factors. Among the hydrogeological factors, time of detection and hydraulic conductivities larger than 300 m d are the most influential factors. Persistent presence through time reflects continuous sources of phthalates entering the aquifers and a high capacity of the karst aquifers to store and slowly release contaminants for long periods of time. The influence of hydraulic conductivity reveals the importance of contaminant fate and transport mechanisms from contamination sources. This study improves the understanding of factors affecting the spatial variability and fate of phthalates in karst aquifers, and allows us to better predict their occurrence based on these factors.

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“…Most PAEs are physically mixed to the polymeric materials, thereby facilitating their easy entrance to the environment during their manufacture, usage, or disposal [4,9]. The widespread application of products containing PAEs in daily life resulted in their universality in environments and frequent detection in various environmental matrices, including drinking water [10], surface water [11], indoor/outdoor air [12−14], dust [7,15], sediment [16,17], soil [18,19], food [20], and urine [21,22]. Meanwhile, some PAEs (e.g., DEHP, DBP, BBzP, DEP, and di-n-hexyl phosphoric acid (DHXP)) have been proven to be endocrine-disrupting compounds, and exposure to phthalates may result in reproductive effects [23], hypertension, and childhood obesity problems [8,24−26].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution, source apportionment and health risk assessment of phthalate esters in indoor dust samples across China

Zhang

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: Phthalates were detected in various environments due to their widespread application. In this study, indoor dust samples from 94 buildings, including 72 residences and 22 dormitories, were collected in seven geographical regions in China and analyzed for eight phthalate esters (PAEs). Investigation of contamination profiles, geographical distribution, sources and risks of PAEs in indoor dusts was explored.Results: The highest Σ8PAEs concentration in residential buildings was found in Northeast China (median: 164.71 μg·g−1), which was 2.3 and 2.8 times higher than that in South China (median: 71.71 μg·g−1) and Southwest China (median: 58.53 μg·g−1), respectively. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-iso-butyl phthalate (DIBP), and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) were the dominant compounds of Σ8PAEs in indoor dusts from residences and dormitories. The administrative levels revealed that the highly serious contamination occurred in the provincial capital, followed by non-provincial cities and countries. Such an occurrence was related to the usage of PAE products and the level of urbanization. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) showed that the emission from cosmetics and personal care products, plasticizers, and household building materials were the possible PAE sources in indoor dusts. Among three routes of ingestion, dermal adsorption, and inhalation, dust ingestion was the main route of human exposure to PAEs. The health risk of PAE exposure for different populations in descending order of children > women > men. The hazard indexes of non-cancer were higher than the threshold value of 10−6 during human exposure to DBP and DEHP. Children also faced potential non-cancer risk due to benzyl butyl phthalate (BBzP) and di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP) exposure. The carcinogenic risks via exposure to BBzP and DEHP were negligible.Conclusion: Overall, PAEs were widely presented in indoor dusts. Obvious difference was observed in the distribution of PAEs concentration in indoor dusts due to the differences in economic development and usage of PAEs product. Plasticizers, household building materials, and cosmetics and personal care products were likely PAE sources in indoor dusts. The risk assessment suggested that carcinogenic risks of BBzP and DEHP were negligible, but DBP, DEHP, DnOP and BBzP may pose non-cancer risks to humans.

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Levels and sources of phthalate esters in shallow groundwater and surface water of Dongguan city, South China

Cited by 18 publications

References 20 publications

Phthalate Esters and Their Potential Risk in PET Bottled Water Stored under Common Conditions

Phthalate Esters and Their Potential Risk in PET Bottled Water Stored under Common Conditions

The influence of hydrogeological and anthropogenic variables on phthalate contamination in eogenetic karst groundwater systems

Distribution, source apportionment and health risk assessment of phthalate esters in indoor dust samples across China

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