Levels and temporal trends of chlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants in individual human breast milk samples from Northern and Southern Norway

Polder, Anuschka; Thomsen, Cathrine; Lindström, Gunilla; Løken, K.B.; Skaare, Janneche Utne

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.06.002

Cited by 105 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…∑HCH are higher than those from the USA (JohnsonRestrepo et al 2007), Germany (Zietz et al 2008), Sweden (Glynn et al 2011), and Norway (Polder et al 2008) and were comparable with those in the UK (Kalantzi et al 2004), South Korea (Fujii et al 2011), Japan (Fujii et al 2012), and Turkey (Cok et al 2012) (Table 3), but ∑HCH in this study were lower than those in Hanoi, Vietnam (Haraguchi et al 2009), Romania (Cioroiu et al 2010), Egypt (Al-Rahman 2012), and Tunisia (Hassine et al 2012). Levels of HCB in this study were about six times lower than those in Tunisia (Hassine et al 2012) and In South Korea, Japan, USA, Sweden, Germany, UK, Romania, and Shanghai in this study, ∑HCH=α-HCH+β-HCH+γ-HCH+δ-HCH.…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 49%

Organochlorine pesticides and their metabolites in human breast milk from Shanghai, China

Wang

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are persistent organic pollutants that could cause deleterious effects on human health. Breast milk represents a noninvasive specimen source to assess maternal and infant exposure to OCPs. This study recruited 142 pregnant mothers in 2011-2012 in Shanghai, China, and their breast milk samples were collected during lactation and analyzed for 27 OCP compounds. Detection rates were in a range of 65.5 to 100 %. In particular, metabolites of 2,2-bis(chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (DDT) such as 2-chloro-1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDMU), 2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethanol (DDOH), bis(4-chlorophenyl)ketone (DBP), and 4,4'-dichlorodiphenylmethane (DDM) were detected in most milk samples. DDTs, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) were dominant OCPs with mean levels of 316, 49.8, and 41.5 ng/g lipid content, respectively, whereas levels of methoxychlor, ∑Drins, ∑Heptachlor, ∑Chlordane, and ∑Endosulfan were fairly low (0.87-5.6 ng/g lipid content). Milk concentrations of OCPs were weakly correlated with maternal age, body weight, and body mass indexes (BMIs). ∑OCPs in this study were much lower than those in human breast milk samples collected in 2002 and 2007. Consumption of higher amounts of fish was associated with higher milk levels of OCPs. Specific OCP patterns in breast milk samples from migrant mothers in Shanghai reflected features of OCP production, use, and exposure in their home provinces. The probabilistic exposure assessment model reveals that Shanghai infants were exposed to low levels of OCPs through breast milk consumption. However, infants as the vulnerable group might be subject to the potential additive and/or synergistic health effects from complex OCP exposure.

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 49%

Organochlorine pesticides and their metabolites in human breast milk from Shanghai, China

Wang

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…For example, the average concentrations of β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), Σdichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethanes (DDTs) and ΣPCBs were decreased to about 1/70, 1/15, and 1/8, respectively, compared to their highest concentration levels in early 1970s in Japan (Konishi et al 2001). The same trend was reported by other groups; Polder et al reported that the most moderate decline was observed in PCBs by comparison with HCH and DDT while the restriction on use of PCBs was the first (Polder et al 2008) and Craan and Haines showed the same tendency in Canada (Craan and Haines 1998). It is considered that the difference of in vivo kinetics such as metabolic behavior and excretion of each chemical cause the various decrease rates in breast milk.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Trends in the enantiomeric composition of polychlorinated biphenyl atropisomers in human breast milk

Konishi

Kakimoto

Nagayoshi

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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For the precise estimation of the risk to human health caused by persistent organic pollutants (POPs), it is important to discuss enantiomer fraction value (EF value) because it is reported that behaviors such as stability and toxicity of enantiomers are quite different in human body. Among POPs, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) is known as one of the most persistent compounds in human breast milk samples. The main exposure source of PCB for human body is mostly from food especially in seafood. The contamination of fish and shellfish has been a serious problem for the Japanese, who consume a large amount of fish in their diet. PCBs have 19 congeners which are chlorine-substituted in 3- or 4- ortho positions are known to have enantiomers. In this study, we analyzed PCB 183 (2,2',3,4,4',5',6-hepta CB) in human breast milk and fish samples enantioselectively and revealed the time trends of the EF value. Though EF value of PCB 183 in fish samples sustained close to racemate (EF = 0.5) from 1982 to 2012, that in breast milk increased over time. This fact indicates that (+)-PCB-183 has greater bioaccumulation potential than (-)-PCB-183 in human body; therefore, the toxicity of (+)-PCB-183 should be emphasized.

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“…Although food and particularly seafood appear to be a major source of PBDE exposure in Europe, fish consumption and/or exposure from other foods has only to a low extent explained the observed variability in blood and human milk concentrations. Strong correlations (BDE-209 not included) between fish consumption, estimated dietary intake and serum concentrations of PBDEs were indeed observed in populations consuming PBDE-contaminated fish (Thomsen et al, 2008;Sjödin et al, 2000). However, in a population with high consumption of fish from areas without known point sources of PBDEs, only low correlations between estimated dietary intake and serum concentration of PBDEs were seen, and in men only (Knutsen et al, 2008).…”

Section: Relation Between Exposure Estimates and Levels In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some studies focused on specific sub-groups of population considered at higher risk such as populations with a high seafood intake (Fängström et al, 2005b) or with a high intake of fish from a PBDE-contaminated lake (Thomsen et al, 2008) and occupational groups (Sjödin et al, 1999) (Table 33). In the population with high seafood intake, BDE-47, -153 and -209 showed the highest levels in serum of mothers and children of 7 years of age with median concentrations of 0.87 and 1.3 ng/g fat, 1.0 and 20.5 ng/g fat and 0.77 and 1 ng/g fat, respectively.…”

Section: Biomarkers Of Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this case dairy products were the food group contributing most to the dietary intake, followed by bread, cereals and fish. Thomsen et al (2008) calculated the total dietary intake for PBDEs in a group of high consumers of fish from a contaminated lake in Norway (Lake Mjøsa). The mean (median, range) intake for the sum of the seven selected PBDEs was 48 (30, 0.3-260) ng/kg b.w.…”

Section: Dietary Intake Of Pbdesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scientific Opinion on Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Food

2011

EFS2

197

147

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EFSA was asked by the European Commission to deliver a scientific opinion on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in food. PBDEs are additive flame retardants which are applied in plastics, textiles, electronic castings and circuitry. PBDEs are ubiquitously present in the environment and likewise in biota and in food and feed. Data from the analysis of 19 PBDE congeners in 3,971 food samples were provided to EFSA by 11 European countries. Eight congeners were considered by the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) to be of primary interest: . The highest dietary exposure is to . Toxicity studies were carried out with technical PBDE mixtures or individual congeners. Main targets were the liver, thyroid hormone homeostasis and the reproductive and nervous system. PBDEs cause DNA damage through the induction of reactive oxygen species. The Panel identified effects on neurodevelopment as the critical endpoint, and derived benchmark doses (BMDs) and their corresponding lower 95 % confidence limit for a benchmark response of 10 %, BMDL 10 s, for a number of PBDE congeners: BDE-47, 309 μg/kg b.w.; BDE-99, 12 μg/kg b.w.; BDE-153, 83 μg/kg b.w.; BDE-209, 1,700 μg/kg b.w. Due to the limitations and uncertainties in the current database, the Panel concluded that it was inappropriate to use these BMDLs to establish health based guidance values, and instead used a margin of exposure (MOE) approach for the health risk assessment. Since elimination characteristics of PBDE congeners in animals and humans differ considerably, the Panel used the body burden as starting point for the MOE approach. The CONTAM Panel concluded that for BDE-47, -153 and -209 current dietary exposure in the EU does not raise a health concern. For BDE-99 there is a potential health concern with respect to current dietary exposure. 4 The term "intra-species" has been replaced by "inter-species" in the Summary and in Chapter 9.1. The chemical stability of the PBDE congeners varies with the individual structure. In general PBDE congeners with up to three bromine substituents and those with nine or ten bromine substituents are more sensitive to abiotic transformations. PBDE congeners with four to eight bromine substituents show the highest stability. PBDE congeners are particularly susceptible to photolysis, reductive debromination and radical reactions whereas they are less susceptible to oxidation and hydrolysis. In general, PBDE congeners are persistent and bioaccumulative with the exception of BDE-209 bioaccumulative properties of which seem to be species dependent. BDE-209 undergoes debromination reactions both in the abiotic environment and in biota, leading to formation of PBDE congeners containing seven to nine bromine atoms. © European Food SafetyBased on the composition of the technical PBDE mixtures, occurrence in the environment and in food, the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) considered the following eight PBDE congeners to be of primary interest: which are relevant for dietary PBDE exposur...

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Levels and temporal trends of chlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants in individual human breast milk samples from Northern and Southern Norway

Cited by 105 publications

References 34 publications

Organochlorine pesticides and their metabolites in human breast milk from Shanghai, China

Organochlorine pesticides and their metabolites in human breast milk from Shanghai, China

Trends in the enantiomeric composition of polychlorinated biphenyl atropisomers in human breast milk

Scientific Opinion on Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Food

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