Levels, distribution and human exposure of new non-BDE brominated flame retardants in the indoor dust of China

Qi, Hong; Li, Wenlong; Liu, Liyan; Zhang, Zi-Feng; Zhu, Ning-Zheng; Song, Weiwei; Ma, Wan–Li; Li, Yifan

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2014.08.008

Cited by 66 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Exposure to EH-TBB is essentially ubiquitous due to its use in polyurethane foams and subsequent presence in house dust (Al-Omran and Harrad, 2016;Cao et al, 2014;Carignan et al, 2013;Harrad et al, 2010;Qi et al, 2014;Stapleton et al, 2014). A majority of systemic exposure to EH-TBB is expected to result from ingestion of dust, with upper range estimates of 0.2-0.4 ng EH-TBB/g dust/kg body weight (Ali et al, 2012;Al-Omran and Harrad, 2016).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Disposition of the Emerging Brominated Flame Retardant, 2-Ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-Tetrabromobenzoate, in Female SD Rats and Male B6C3F1 Mice: Effects of Dose, Route, and Repeated Administration

Knudsen¹,

Sanders²,

Birnbaum³

2016

Toxicol. Sci.

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2-Ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB; MW 549.92 g/mol; CAS 183658-27-7) is a brominated component of flame retardant mixtures used as substitutes for some PBDEs. EH-TBB is added to various consumer products, including polyurethane foams, and has been detected in humans. The present study characterized the fate of EH-TBB in rodents. [ 14 C]-labeled EH-TBB was absorbed, metabolized, and eliminated via the urine and feces following single administrations of 0.1-100 mmol/kg ($0.05-55 mg/kg) or repeated administration (0.1 mmol/kg/day Â 5-10 days) by gavage to female Hsd:Sprague DawleySD (SD) rats. Cumulative excretion via feces increased (39-60%) with dose (0.1-10 mmol/kg) with corresponding decreases in urinary excretion (54 to 37%) after 72 h. Delayed excretion of [ 14 C]-radioactivity in urine and feces of a 100 mmol/kg oral dose was noted. Recovery was complete for all doses by 72 h. IV-injected rats excreted more of the 0.1 mmol/kg dose in urine and less in feces than did gavaged rats, indicating partial biliary elimination of systemically available compound. No tissue bioaccumulation was found for rats given 5 oral daily doses of EH-TBB. Parent molecule was not detected in urine whereas 2 metabolites, tetrabromobenzoic acid (TBBA), a TBBA-sulfate conjugate, and a TBBA-glycine conjugate were identified. EH-TBB and TBBA were identified in extracts from feces. Data from gavaged male B6C3F1/Tac mice indicated minimal sex-or species differences are likely for the disposition of EH-TBB. Approximately 85% of a 0.1 mmol/kg dose was absorbed from the gut. Overall absorption of EH-TBB is expected to be even greater at lower levels.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Disposition of the Emerging Brominated Flame Retardant, 2-Ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-Tetrabromobenzoate, in Female SD Rats and Male B6C3F1 Mice: Effects of Dose, Route, and Repeated Administration

Knudsen¹,

Sanders²,

Birnbaum³

2016

Toxicol. Sci.

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“…As to human exposure, Zheng et al (2015) and Peng et al (2017) both reported that human exposure to NBFRs via dust ingestion is higher in toddlers compared with adults. In these studies (Cao et al, 2014;Qi et al, 2014;Zheng et al, 2015;Peng et al, 2017), DBDPE was the dominant compound, exhibiting the highest contamination level in all sampling areas, suggesting that DBDPE had been used or released in large amounts in China. Furthermore, indoor dust samples collected from e-waste recycling areas showed relatively higher NBFR contamination compared to other areas.…”

Section: Dp and Nbfrs In The Indoor Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Human activities and geographical distribution influences indoor NBFR pollution levels (Qi et al, 2014). Indoor dust from urban areas and public buildings showed significantly higher levels of NBFRs than rural areas and family homes indicating the different applications of NBFRs (Qi et al, 2014). A temporal trend study on NBFRs revealed that NBFR concentrations are relatively stable during any season and that human activities do not affect seasonal variations in NBFR contamination (Cao et al, 2014).…”

Section: Dp and Nbfrs In The Indoor Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chinese studies have reported levels of NBFR in indoor dusts collected from houses, offices, e-waste recycling sites, cars, and other public areas (Cao et al, 2014;Qi et al, 2014;Zheng et al, 2015;Peng et al, 2017). Human activities and geographical distribution influences indoor NBFR pollution levels (Qi et al, 2014). Indoor dust from urban areas and public buildings showed significantly higher levels of NBFRs than rural areas and family homes indicating the different applications of NBFRs (Qi et al, 2014).…”

Section: Dp and Nbfrs In The Indoor Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…NBFRs are also known to widely exist, and several researchers worldwide have shown interest in the detection of contamination levels in the indoor environment. Chinese studies have reported levels of NBFR in indoor dusts collected from houses, offices, e-waste recycling sites, cars, and other public areas (Cao et al, 2014;Qi et al, 2014;Zheng et al, 2015;Peng et al, 2017). Human activities and geographical distribution influences indoor NBFR pollution levels (Qi et al, 2014).…”

Section: Dp and Nbfrs In The Indoor Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Levels of Non-PBDE Halogenated Fire Retardants and Brominated Dioxins and their Toxicological Effects in Indoor Environments - A Review

Hsu

Arcega

Gou

et al. 2018

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Non-polybrominated diphenyl ether (non-PBDE) halogenated fire retardants (HFRs) such as new or novel brominated fire retardants (NBFRs) and dechlorane plus (DP) have been widely spread in the environment and recognized as emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the recent years, mainly due to the continuous increase in their global demand, especially after the worldwide restrictions on PBDE use. Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PBDD/Fs) are the unintentional byproducts of PBDE commercial formulations in the indoor environment. Although HFRs, including NBFRs, DP, and PBDD/Fs, are ubiquitous in the indoor environment due to the large-volume release from the surfaces of consumer products, only a few in vitro and in vivo studies have addressed their toxic effects. In this review article, global data on NBFRs, including decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP), and 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB), DP, including syn-DP and anti-DP, and PBDD/Fs in indoor aerosol and dust are summarized from recent literature. Based on the gathered data, indoor dust is a major sink for indoor contamination and is of great concern due to the fact that dust ingestion is one of the primary routes for human exposure to these chemicals. Lastly, the toxic effects of NBFRs, DP, and PBDD/Fs identified in in vitro and in vivo studies are summarized and discussed based on the current published reports. However, there is still a lack of sufficient toxicity data for assessing their risks. Future works are encouraged to focus on indoor PM 2.5 -bound HFR levels to further evaluate their toxic effects on human health.

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Assessing Children's Exposure to Contaminants in House Dust

DeLuca,

Cohen Hubal

2024

Human and Ecological Risk Assessment

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Levels, distribution and human exposure of new non-BDE brominated flame retardants in the indoor dust of China

Cited by 66 publications

References 30 publications

Disposition of the Emerging Brominated Flame Retardant, 2-Ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-Tetrabromobenzoate, in Female SD Rats and Male B6C3F1 Mice: Effects of Dose, Route, and Repeated Administration

Disposition of the Emerging Brominated Flame Retardant, 2-Ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-Tetrabromobenzoate, in Female SD Rats and Male B6C3F1 Mice: Effects of Dose, Route, and Repeated Administration

Levels of Non-PBDE Halogenated Fire Retardants and Brominated Dioxins and their Toxicological Effects in Indoor Environments - A Review

Assessing Children's Exposure to Contaminants in House Dust

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