There is preclinical evidence that oral administration of D,L-sulforaphane (SFN) can decrease the incidence or burden of early-stage prostate cancer (PIN) and well-differentiated cancer (WDC), but not late-stage poorly differentiated cancer (PDC). Because SFN treatment induces cytoprotective autophagy in cultured human prostate cancer cells, the present study tested the hypothesis that chemopreventive efficacy of SFN could be augmented by pharmacological inhibition of autophagy using chloroquine (CQ). Incidence of PDC characterized by prostate weight of >1g was significantly lower in the SFN+CQ group compared with control (P=0.004), CQ (P=0.026) or SFN group (P=0.002 by Fisher’s exact test). Average size of the metastatic lymph-node was lower by about 42% in the SFN+CQ group compared with control (P=0.043 by Wilcoxon test). On the other hand, the SFN+CQ combination was not superior to SFN alone with respect to inhibition of incidence or burden of microscopic PIN or WDC. SFN treatment caused in vivo autophagy as evidenced by transmission electron microscopy. Mechanistic studies showed that prevention of prostate cancer and metastasis by the SFN+CQ was associated with decreased cell proliferation, increased apoptosis, alterations in protein levels of autophagy regulators Atg5 and phospho-mTOR, and suppression of biochemical features of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Plasma proteomics identified protein expression signature that may serve as biomarker of SFN+CQ exposure/response. This study offers a novel combination regimen for future clinical investigations for prevention of prostate cancer in humans.