Levels of Angiotensin and Kinin Metabolite Peptides Related to COVID-19 Severity

Abstract

In addition to crucial roles in normal human biology, peptide metabolites of the renin−angiotensin (RAS) and kallikrein−kinin systems (KKS) have been reported to be altered in COVID-19 patients. Here, we evaluate new data on RAS and KKS peptides in COVID-19 patient serum obtained from a recently developed, fully validated, and optimized stable isotope labeling LC-MS peptide assay. We found that the RAS peptides angiotensin (ANG) 1, 2, 1−5, and 1−7 were downregulated compared to COVID-free surrogate controls, while the KKS peptides Brad, Brad 1−8, and Brad 1−7 were upregulated. This paper focuses on uncovering the possible diagnostic value of these peptides using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses of these data. ROC plots confirmed that all of the analyte peptides in 80 serum samples from COVID-19 patients were significantly altered from "normal" values of the control samples. The best diagnostic sensitivities and selectivities for COVID vs no COVID were found in ROC plots for Brad and Brad 1−7 (both 99% sensitivity, 100% selectivity). We then analyzed levels of all the peptides grouped according to preassigned values of the World Health Organization (WHO) COVID-19 Severity Index. ROC plots differentiated patients with a high WHO severity index from those with a low WHO severity index with moderate success, with BRAD (73% sensitivity, 79% selectivity) and Ang 1−7 (75% sensitivity, 65% selectivity) giving the best diagnostic performance. Results suggest the possible diagnostic value of these peptides as biomarkers to help identify moderate and serious COVID-19 cases at relatively early stages.