Levels of Antibodies Specific to Tetanus Toxoid,Haemophilus influenzaeType b, and Pneumococcal Capsular Polysaccharide in Healthy Children and Adults

Abstract

Antibody levels specific for capsular polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and for tetanus toxoid were measured in serum samples of 386 age-stratified subjects. The study group consists of healthy adult blood donors and hospitalized children undergoing elective surgery, excluding individuals with a history of infection. In children, anti-tetanus toxoid antibody levels displayed two peaks of 1.20 IU/ml (20.4 mg/liter) and 1.65 IU/ml (28.1 mg/liter) related to the schedule of routine childhood immunization in the first year and at 8 years of age. Eighty percent of the antibodies are of the immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) isotype. For pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide (PCP), the specific antibody levels represent the acquisition of natural immunity. The initial concentration of 9.2 mg/liter was low in infancy (0.5 to 1 years of age) and remained low until 3 to 4 years of age (14.6 mg/liter). During this period PCP antibodies were almost 100% of the IgG2 subclass. Thereafter, IgG anti-PCP antibody titers increased steadily to adult levels (59.5 mg/liter). The data are intended to provide reference ranges to aid in the interpretation of specific antibody determinations in the clinical setting.Serum-specific antibody levels are widely used as indicators of immune competence (25,31). Interpretation of the results may be difficult. Although patients with congenital immunodeficiencies, such as common variable immunodeficiency (1, 7), selective immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclass deficiency (2, 8), and selective antibody deficiency with normal immunoglobulins (2), often have low levels of serum antibodies, many subjects with normal immune function also have low levels of serum-specific antibodies. A physiological delay of the immune response, especially to polysaccharide capsular antigens, a lack of immunization and, in addition, a decrease in specific antibody titers with time (11, 18) determine the outcome of serumspecific antibody measurements. Furthermore, in recent years the routine vaccination schedule has changed. In particular, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate was introduced (36). Moreover, routine enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test kits became available that allow specific antibodies to be assigned to IgG subclasses. The present study was designed to establish the pattern of specific antibody responses to polysaccharide and protein antigens in a large cohort of healthy subjects from Germany. MATERIALS AND METHODSSubjects. The subjects of the present study were 313 clinically healthy children (214 males and 99 females) from 6 months to 18 years of age who were admitted to the hospital for minor surgery. Informed consent was obtained from the parents. The adult subjects were 73 healthy blood donors (36 males and 37 females) ranging from 20 to 61 years of age. Only subjects who were free of recurrent infections or inflammation, as assessed by a standardized questionnaire, and whose C-reactive protein concentrations were within the normal limit were incl...

Comparative Study of Immune Status to Infectious Agents in Elderly Patients with Multiple Myeloma, Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia, and Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance

“…It also highlights the issue of vaccination in these patient groups; however, previous studies on pneumococcal vaccination in MM patients have had discouraging results (20,33). Our control group displayed a high median titer against pneumococci in comparison to adult titers reported in a previous study (34). This study population was indeed younger than ours (20 to 61 years of age).…”

Identification and characterization of the constituent human serum antibodies elicited by vaccination

“…The inactivated TT vaccine is highly effective (21,25), eliciting antibody titers in adults between 0.05 and 39.6 IU/mL, with a mean antibody titer of 1.2 IU/mL (20 μg/mL) (26). The TT-specific antibody titer decays linearly with a t 1/2 of 11 y (10); therefore, booster vaccinations are recommended every 10 y.…”

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Pathobiology Studied in Humanized BALB/c-Rag2 −/− γ c −/− Mice

“…The humoral immune responses were analyzed by ELISA. All immunized animals developed HIB- specific IgG (25), and only one of four nonvaccinated mice had detectable Hib-specific IgG levels (Table 3). FACS analyses of blood, spleen, and bone marrow and morphological analysis of the thymus and spleen from one of these vaccinated mice (mouse 120) are presented in Fig.…”