Levels of cadmium, copper and iron in deciduous teeth of children living in Bahrain

Abstract

Shed deciduous teeth were collected from children (n = 61) living in the island of the State of Bahrain. The teeth were analyzed for the toxic cadmium metal and for the biologically essential metals iron and copper. The m ean concentrations of cadmium, iron and copper were 53.8 ng/g, 20.22 m g/g and 2.78 m g/g respectively. The data obtained showed no clear relation between the trace metal concentrations and the children's age, sex, social status or nationality. Teeth from the upper jaw were found to have higher metal concentrations than those obtained from the lower jaw.

Levels of lead, cadmium, copper, iron, and zinc in deciduous teeth of children living in Irbid, Jordan by ICP-OES: some factors affecting their concentrations

“…Previous studies showed that the concentrations of metals in deciduous teeth vary with physiological and environmental factors (Al-Haddad et al 1999;Barton 2011;Bayo et al 2001;Begerow et al 1994;Blanusa et al 1990;Ewers et al 1990;Fishcher et al 2009;Frank et al 1999;Gierat-Kucharzewska et al 2003;Gomes et al 2004;Kristjansson et al 2000;Orzechowska-Wylegala et al 2011;Tvinnereim et al 1997Tvinnereim et al , 1999Tvinnereim et al , 2000. Teeth are considered the best bioindicators for tracing elements; human deciduous teeth are easily available biological materials and have been used to evaluate nutritional, physiological, and environmental factors affecting the concentrations of trace metals in human.…”

“…Komarnicki (2000) investigated the level of lead and cadmium in several organs of moles and found that both metals accumulate in bone tissue with increasing age. AlHaddad investigated the concentrations of Fe, Cu and Pb in children aged between 6 and 15 years and found that no clear relation between trace metal concentrations and the children's age (Al-Haddad et al 1999). Bayo et al (2001) investigated the level of Pb and Cd in children aged between 4 and 11 and found that the concentrations of both metals decreased significantly with children's age.…”

“…Tvinnereim et al (2000) found that the average concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in human primary teeth from Norway were 1.37, 0.113, and 157 μg/g, respectively. Al-Haddad found that the mean concentrations of Cd, Fe, and Cu in teeth of children living in Bahrain were 0.0538, 20.22, and 2.78 μg/g, respectively (Al-Haddad et al 1999). The mean concentration of Pb in deciduous teeth of children living in Torgau and Leipzig (Germany) was found to be about 5 μg/g (Frank et al 1999).…”

“…Several previous studies have investigated the concentrations of elements in human permanent teeth (Alomary et al 2006;Amr and Helal 2010;Brown et al 2004;Nowak and Chmielnicka 2000). However, human deciduous teeth are more easily available biological materials and have been extensively used to study the concentrations of trace metals in different countries (Al-Haddad et al 1999;Barton 2011;Bayo et al 2001;Begerow et al 1994;Blanusa et al 1990;Ewers et al 1990;Fishcher et al 2009;Frank et al 1999;Gierat-Kucharzewska et al 2003;Gomes et al 2004;Kristjansson et al 2000;Orzechowska-Wylegala et al 2011;Tvinnereim et al 1997Tvinnereim et al , 1999Tvinnereim et al , 2000. For example, Blanusa et al (1990) investigated the concentrations of Pb, Fe, and Cu in deciduous teeth in relation to age and distance from a lead smelter.…”

“…The most popular methods in the analyses of metals are atomic absorption spectrophotometry (Barton 2011;Begerow et al 1994;Blanusa et al 1990;Gomes et al 2004;Komarnicki 2000;OrzechowskaWylegala et al 2011;Tvinnereim et al 1997Tvinnereim et al , 1999Tvinnereim et al , 2000Wittmers et al 1988), inductively coupled plasma (ICP) (Al-Haddad et al 1999), and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) (Amr and Helal 2010;Arora et al 2004;Kang et al 2004;Lee et al 1999;Rodushkin 1999). Other methods such as X-ray fluorescence (Baranowska et al 2004;Gierat-Kucharzewska et al 2003;Sargentini-Maier et al 1998;Shirasawa et al 2004), laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (Samek et al 1999), and differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (Bayo et al 2001) are also used.…”