Levels of parabens and bisphenols in personal care products and urinary concentrations in Indian young adult women: Implications for human exposure and health risk assessment

Impact of Paraben Exposure on Adiposity-Related Measures: An Updated Literature Review of Population-Based Studies

“…In some studies, participants provided first-morning/early-morning urine samples [ 62 , 68 , 69 ], whereas, in other studies, the timing of urine collection was different, even within the same study [ 65 , 67 , 70 ]. In some studies, fasting morning samples were collected from at least a portion of the participants [ 7 , 67 ], while in other studies, no such information was provided [ 29 , 62 , 64 , 68 , 71 , 72 , 73 ]. Seasonal variability in EDS concentrations in urine, including parabens, is well documented [ 69 , 70 ]; however, seasonal timing of exposure was not considered in most of these studies.…”

“…Thus, estimates of paraben concentrations from many of these studies may not be representative of exposure over the targeted time periods. Several recent longitudinal cohort studies did not have an adequate sample size to detect small effects or allow stratified analyses based on gender, race/ethnicity, or pre-pregnancy BMI status [ 29 , 71 , 73 ]. Thereby, there is a great need to carry out large, long-term cohort studies with repeated measurements of chemical exposures across a broad range of developmental periods to elucidate their effects on childhood and adult health outcomes.…”

The effects of bisphenols on the cardiovascular system ex vivo and in vivo

“…Given the multiple studies reporting its toxicity, this compound was banned for the production of infant bottles and food containers for children under 3 years, and its global use has been decreasing year by year (European Commision, 2011). Humans have been clearly exposed to this industrial chemical as reported in multiple studies in which either bisphenol A or its conjugates were commonly detected (Yang et al, 2014;Owczarek et al, 2018;Song et al, 2019;Jala et al, 2022). Multiple aspects are still being unravelled regarding its possible toxicity after chronic exposure, mainly due to its endocrine disruptor properties (Calafat et al, 2005;Ghisari and Bonefeld-Jorgensen, 2005;Bonefeld-Jorgensen et al, 2007).…”

“…Seven bisphenols (AP, S, Z, B, A, F and AF) were detected in concentrations ranging from units to hundreds of ng/L in water from a lake in China (Liu et al, 2017). Bisphenol A analogues also occur in sediments, sewage and sludge (Liu et al, 2021), food (González et al, 2020), bottled water (Wang et al, 2020), personal daily care products (Jala et al, 2022), thermal receipts (Björnsdotter et al, 2017) and indoor dust (Wang et al, 2015).…”

Bisphenol AF Induces Alterations in the Plasma Lipidome of Rats: An Untargeted Lipidomics Approach

“…6 As a result, human exposure to bisphenols can occur through inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact. 7,8 Previous studies categorized the Northeast Indian population into three groups based on environmental phenol concentrations in urine samples, allowing for analysis of associations with health outcomes. 9 In pregnant women, BPA was found to be present in urine samples during the first and second trimesters at concentrations of 1.39 and 1.27 ng/mL, respectively, as reported by Chiu et al 10 Additionally, similar to BPA, the presence of bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol AF has been detected in human urine, blood, and adipose tissue in studies.…”