Levels of platelet calmodulin for the prediction of progression and severity of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

Kindsfater, Kirk; Lowe, Thomas G.; Lawellin, David; Weinstein, David; Akmakjian, Jack

doi:10.2106/00004623-199408000-00009

Cited by 115 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…While a clear genetic basis is lacking so far (Miller, 2007), AIS is correlated in part with abnormal levels of tyrosine, sex and growth hormones, dysfunction of the melatonin-signaling pathway, and calcium-binding receptor protein calmodulin (Ahn et al, 2002;Moreau et al, 2004;Azeddine et al, 2007;Cheung et al, 2008). These biochemical abnormalities, however, might be more related to the progression rather than the origin of AIS (Kindsfater et al, 1994;Machida et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vestibular Asymmetry as the Cause of Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Possible Answer fromXenopus

Lambert¹,

Malinvaud²,

Glaunès

et al. 2009

J. Neurosci.

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Human idiopathic scoliosis is characterized by severe deformations of the spine and skeleton. The occurrence of vestibular-related deficits in these patients is well established but it is unclear whether a vestibular pathology is the common cause for the scoliotic syndrome and the gaze/posture deficits or if the latter behavioral deficits are a consequence of the scoliotic deformations. A possible vestibular origin was tested in the frog Xenopus laevis by unilateral removal of the labyrinthine endorgans at larval stages. After metamorphosis into young adult frogs, X-ray images and three-dimensional reconstructed micro-computer tomographic scans of the skeleton showed deformations similar to those of scoliotic patients. The skeletal distortions consisted of a curvature of the spine in the frontal and sagittal plane, a transverse rotation along the body axis and substantial deformations of all vertebrae. In terrestrial vertebrates, the initial postural syndrome after unilateral labyrinthectomy recovers over time and requires body weight-supporting limb proprioceptive information. In an aquatic environment, however, this information is absent. Hence, the lesion-induced asymmetric activity in descending spinal pathways and the resulting asymmetric muscular tonus persists. As a consequence the mostly cartilaginous skeleton of the frog tadpoles progressively deforms. Lack of limb proprioceptive signals in an aquatic environment is thus the element, which links the Xenopus model with human scoliosis because a comparable situation occurs during gestation in utero. A permanently imbalanced activity in descending locomotor/posture control pathways might be the common origin for the observed structural and behavioral deficits in humans as in the different animal models of scoliosis.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vestibular Asymmetry as the Cause of Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Possible Answer fromXenopus

Lambert¹,

Malinvaud²,

Glaunès

et al. 2009

J. Neurosci.

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show abstract

“…The study by Kindsfater et al [10] was based on a single calmodulin level in a small number of patients (17 AIS, 10 controls) and in that study we found that platelet calmodulin levels drawn on AIS patients with progressive curves were 3-4 times higher than patients with non-progressive curves or controls. The patients with non-progressive curves had similar calmodulin levels to the controls.…”

Section: Answermentioning

confidence: 53%

“…Kindsfater et al [10] compared 17 patients with AIS with varying degrees of curvature with 10 age and sex-matched controls, and found that based on a single determination for each patient during growth, platelet calmodulin levels were higher in skeletally immature patients with progressive curves (10°per year) than those with non-progressive curves and age-matched controls.…”

Section: Statement By Professor Lowe MDmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Platelet calmodulin levels in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS): can they predict curve progression and severity?

Lowe

Burwell

Dangerfield

2004

European Spine Journal

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There is no generally accepted scientific theory for the etiology of idiopathic scoliosis. As part of its mission to widen understanding of scoliosis etiology, the International Federated Body on Scoliosis Etiology (IBSE) introduced the electronic focus group (EFG) as a means of increasing debate of extant knowledge on important topics. This has been designated as an on-line Delphi discussion. The text for this EFG was written by Professor Thomas G Lowe MD and drawn from research carried out by himself and his coworkers on platelet calmodulin levels in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. To explain the relationship of platelet calmodulin levels to scoliosis curve changes in AIS brought about spontaneously, by brace treatment, or surgery Dr Lowe attributes the platelet calmodulin changes to paraspinous muscle activity and suggests that the calmodulin acts as a systemic mediator of tissues having a contractile system (actin and myosin). Controversy includes: 1) the lack of normal data and the large variability in baseline levels of platelet calmodulin, necessitating the use of the AIS subjects as their own controls; 2) calmodulin is not usually used as a marker of platelet activation; 3) whether the platelet calmodulin changes which appear to reflect an abnormality of a portion of the spine are related to local and/or regional changes in muscles, nervous system, or immature vertebrae. What is not controversial is the need for more research on platelets and the immature deforming skeleton in relation to etiology and prognosis.Keywords Scoliosis · Idiopathic · Adolescence · Platelets · Calmodulin This paper provides an edited summary of the second electronic focus group (EFG) of the International Federated Body on Scoliosis Etiology (IBSE). It contains the research of Professor Thomas G Lowe MD and his colleagues on platelet calmodulin levels in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis that was debated via e-mail by IBSE members during the period October 2002-July 2003. The summary (Professor Lowe's statement, comments, questions and answers 1-24) was circulated by e-mail to IBSE members on 22 August 2003 and no further comments were received. Ideas presented in this summary are personal opinions and are not necessarily shared by all those within IBSE. The edited summary of the first EFG of the IBSE and some details about the IBSE have been published [19].

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“…Increased calmodulin levels in platelets have been shown to be associated with the progression of AIS [26]. More recently, a study in 55 AIS patients confirmed a direct relationship between higher platelet calmodulin levels and curve progression.…”

Section: Melatoninmentioning

confidence: 90%

Idiopathic scoliosis: Etiological concepts and hypotheses

Dayer

Haumont

Belaieff

et al. 2013

Journal of Children's Orthopaedics

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Scoliosis is diagnosed as idiopathic in 70 % of structural deformities affecting the spine in children and adolescents, probably reflecting our current misunderstanding of this disease. By definition, a structural scoliosis should be the result of some primary disorder. The goal of this article is to give a comprehensive overview of the currently proposed etiological concepts in idiopathic scoliosis regarding genetics, molecular biology, biomechanics, and neurology, with particular emphasis on adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Despite the fact that numerous potential etiologies for idiopathic scoliosis have been formulated, the primary etiology of AIS remains unknown. Beyond etiology, identification of prognostic factors of AIS progression would probably be more relevant in our daily practice, with the hope of reducing repetitive exposure to radiation, unnecessary brace treatments, psychological implications, and costs-of-care related to follow-up in lowrisk patients.

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Levels of platelet calmodulin for the prediction of progression and severity of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

Cited by 115 publications

References 11 publications

Vestibular Asymmetry as the Cause of Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Possible Answer fromXenopus

Vestibular Asymmetry as the Cause of Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Possible Answer fromXenopus

Platelet calmodulin levels in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS): can they predict curve progression and severity?

Idiopathic scoliosis: Etiological concepts and hypotheses

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