Levels of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans in cow's milk and in soy bean derived infant formulas sold in the United States and other countries

Schecter, Arnold; Fürst, Peter; Fürst, Christiane; Meemken, Hans-Albert; Groebel, Wilhelm; Vu, Dan

doi:10.1016/0045-6535(89)90431-1

Cited by 17 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…For most of the samples, those congeners present in higher concentration are those with a high- ,3,4,7,8 PCDF,1,2,3,7,8 PCDD and 2,3,7,8 TCDD. This contamination pattern is similar to that found by Hsu et al (2007) in the analysis of infant formulae commercialized in Taiwan and also similar to the contamination pattern of soybean infant formulae analyzed by Schecter et al (1989). Schecter et al (1989) also found a high percent of non detected congeners; besides, those present in higher concentrations were: OCDD > OCDF > 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD > 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 66%

“…This contamination pattern is similar to that found by Hsu et al (2007) in the analysis of infant formulae commercialized in Taiwan and also similar to the contamination pattern of soybean infant formulae analyzed by Schecter et al (1989). Schecter et al (1989) also found a high percent of non detected congeners; besides, those present in higher concentrations were: OCDD > OCDF > 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD > 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF. Nonetheless, it is important to point out that in this work the higher concentration of those congeners with a high chlorination degree is also due to the fact that these compounds have a lower detection limit than those with less chlorine content.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 66%

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Evaluation of daily intake of PCDD/Fs and indicator PCBs in formula-fed Spanish children

Lorán¹,

Conchello²,

Bayarri³

et al. 2009

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 66%

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 66%

Evaluation of daily intake of PCDD/Fs and indicator PCBs in formula-fed Spanish children

Lorán¹,

Conchello²,

Bayarri³

et al. 2009

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A

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“…However, it should be noted that food preparation and/or cooking method can alter PCDD and PCDF levels in the final food product. Tables 4 and 5 (23,24). Consumption rates used in Tables 4 and 5 are from a 1986 publication of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Radiation Programs, a publication currently used by the EPA to estimate U.S. food and dioxin intake (26).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To address dioxin intake for infants, we worked with data from our previous studies of human milk from nursing mothers and soyderived infant formula (23,24). We elected to sample only New York supermarkets.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Congener-specific levels of dioxins and dibenzofurans in U.S. food and estimated daily dioxin toxic equivalent intake.

Schecter

Startin

Wright

et al. 1994

Environ Health Perspect

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Food, especially meat, milk, and fish, is the immediate source of almost all polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and dioxinlike compounds in the general population. To estimate intake of these highly toxic compounds, we performed congener-specific dioxin analyses for the first time on U.S. food for 18 dairy meat, and fish samples from a supermarket in upstate New York. 2,3,7,8 Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, "dioxin") toxic equivalents (TEqs) on a wet weight basis for the dairy products ranged for 0.04 to 0.7 ppt, meat TEqs ranged from 0.03 to 1.5 ppt, and fish TEqs ranged from 0.02 to 0.13 ppt. Previous human breast milk and infant formula analyses were used with the current preliminary food data to estimate a range of dioxin intake for Americans. Average daily food intake of TEqs for an adult weighing 65 kg was estimated to be between 0.3 and 3.0 pg/kg body weight, for a total of 18-192 pg TEq, using 1986 American consumption rates. Due to the relatively high level of PCDDs and PCDFs commonly found in human breast milk from American women and from women in other industrial countries, a nursing infant may consume an average of 35-53 pg TEq/kg body weight/day in its first year of life. This may be compared with the current U.S. EPA virtually safe dose of 0.006 pg TCDD/kg body weight per day over a 70-year lifetime based on an upper limit cancer risk of 10(-6), or the 10 pg/kg/day used by some European government agencies.

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“…Evidence for industrial origin ofmost dioxins has also previously been demonstrated from environmental data (26)(27)(28)(29) and from human tissue measurements of frozen ancient Eskimo tissue compared to modem tissue (31,32). Food consumption is the primary form of human intake in these cases, specifically meat, milk, fish, and their by-products (18,(22)(23)(24)30). PCDD/F levels are presented for various organs of the body considered to be target organs for dioxin toxicity, and these levels are compared to adipose tissue, which, along with blood, is usually used as a signal tissue or reference for dioxin levels and estimates of body burden in potentially exposed persons.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans in human tissues from general populations: a selective review

Schecter

Fürst²,

Fürst³

et al. 1994

Environ Health Perspect

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During the past decade a considerable amount of data has been generated concerning polychlorinated dibenzodioxin (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF) levels in humans from many geographical locations. To organize these data in a useful fashion for environmental purposes and for consideration of human toxicity, selected portions ofour data are presented in a somewhat atypical fashion, by percentage contribution of individual congeners to total PCDD/Fs in human tissue, and to the total dioxin equivalents (TEq). This is done to better characterize congener contributions from environmental contamination in various geographical regionsat this time and health-related levels. To present the findings in a global perspective, data from widely different locations are presented including the United States, Germany, Vietnam, the former Soviet Union, Thailand,

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Levels of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans in cow's milk and in soy bean derived infant formulas sold in the United States and other countries

Cited by 17 publications

References 9 publications

Evaluation of daily intake of PCDD/Fs and indicator PCBs in formula-fed Spanish children

Evaluation of daily intake of PCDD/Fs and indicator PCBs in formula-fed Spanish children

Congener-specific levels of dioxins and dibenzofurans in U.S. food and estimated daily dioxin toxic equivalent intake.

Chlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans in human tissues from general populations: a selective review

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