Levels of salivary immunoglobulins and periodontal evaluation in smoking patients

Abstract

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to assess the level of salivary immunoglobulins and periodontal status in smokers and non-smokers.Materials and methodsUnstimulated saliva of 30 subjects (mean age 24.2 ± 3.5 years) who were smokers (test group) and of 30 subjects (mean age 25.3 ± 3.8 years) who were non-smokers (control group) was collected and centrifugated; IgA, IgG, and IgM were measured with the colorimetric immunoenzymatic method. Moreover, the following periodontal clinical parameters were recorded for each subject: plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment level (CAL).ResultsA significantly (p< 0.05) lower Ig level was observed in smoking patients (IgA: 20.0 ± 1.2 mg/dl; IgM: 19.5 ± 1.6 mg/dl; IgG: 8.1 ± 1.4 mg/dl) compared to levels in the non-smoking control group (IgA: 234.1 ± 65.2 mg/dl; IgM: 121.0 ± 31.7 mg/dl; IgG: 1049.4 ± 102 mg/dl). In the test group, PI (2.2 ± 0.3), GI (2.4 ±0.5), PD (49.3 ± 9.2%), and CAL (49.3 ± 4.6%) were higher (p< 0.05) than those observed in the control group (PI: 0.8 ± 0.4; GI: 0.7 ± 0.3; PD: 10.6 ± 2.4%; CAL: 3.1 ± 0.8%).ConclusionSmoking subjects showed lower levels of salivary IgA, IgG, and IgM and a worse periodontal condition than non-smoking subjects. On the base of our study, as smoking subjects also had lower levels of IgA, IgG, and IgM in their saliva than non-smoking subjects, despite the fact that there is little evidence that the salivary Igs have a protective action against periodontitis and that the whole saliva does not result in whole from the salivary glands, it can be concluded that the deteriorated periodontal health conditions of these patients can be attributed in part to a lowering of the host’s defense due to a decrease in the quantity of Igs in salivary fluid.

A Prospective Longitudinal Study on Implant Prosthetic Rehabilitation in Controlled HIV‐Positive Patients with 1‐Year Follow‐Up: The Role of CD4+ Level, Smoking Habits, and Oral Hygiene

“…Implant failures are more frequent among smokers (5.6%) compared with nonsmokers (3.5%), 21 probably due to lowering blood flow rate, due to increased peripheral resistance and platelet aggregation, or to modifications in the level of immunoglobulines in the saliva. 22 In our sample, MBLC of survived implants at 1-year follow-up was found to be 1.09 1 0.35 mm in the group of nonsmokers or light smokers (<10 cigarettes/day), and 1.17 1 0.31 mm in smokers.…”

“…This susceptibility plays an important role for implant failure. Implant failures are more frequent among smokers (5.6%) compared with nonsmokers (3.5%), probably due to lowering blood flow rate, due to increased peripheral resistance and platelet aggregation, or to modifications in the level of immunoglobulines in the saliva …”

Impact of Cigarette Smoking on Clinical Outcomes of Periodontal Flap Surgical Procedures: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis

“…13,15 Various mechanisms by which smoking impairs the healing response have been investigated to explain these unfavorable clinical findings. 16 These mechanisms encompass: 1) impaired neutrophilic function, 17 2) decreased immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG production in saliva and serum, 18,19 3) increased proliferation of periodontal pathogens, 20 and 4) impaired fibroblastic proliferation and function. 21 There have also been reports on the increase in expression of receptor of advanced glycation end products in gingival tissues as a potential mechanism of action that is currently under investigation.…”

Effects of IL6 C‐634G polymorphism on tooth loss and their interaction with smoking habits

“…Also, smoking increases the number of neutrophils and their migration potency (Gillespie et al , ; Anderson et al , ), with nicotine inhibiting the formation of F‐actin of neutrophils (Ryder et al , ). Moreover, IgA and IgG amounts are reduced in the saliva of smokers (Bennet and Reade, ; Giuca et al , ). It has also been reported that the levels of the cytokine TNF‐ α in GCF is increased in smokers (Boström et al , ).…”