Levels of synthetic antioxidants (ethoxyquin, butylated hydroxytoluene and butylated hydroxyanisole) in fish feed and commercially farmed fish

Abstract

Several synthetic antioxidants are authorized for use as feed additives in the European Union. Ethoxyquin (EQ) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) are generally added to fish meal and fish oil, respectively, to limit lipid oxidation. The study was conducted to examine the concentrations of EQ, BHT and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) in several commercially important species of farmed fish, namely Atlantic salmon, halibut and cod and rainbow trout, as well as concentrations in fish feed. The highest levels of BHT, EQ and BHA were found in farmed Atlantic salmon fillets, and were 7.60, 0.17 and 0.07 mg kg(-1), respectively. The lowest concentrations of the synthetic antioxidants found were in cod. The concentration of the oxidation product ethoxyquin dimer (EQDM) was more than ten-fold higher than the concentration of parent EQ in Atlantic salmon halibut and rainbow trout, whereas this dimer was not detected in cod fillets. The theoretical consumer exposure to the synthetic antioxidants EQ, BHA and BHT from the consumption of farmed fish was calculated. The contribution of EQ from a single portion (300 g) of skinned fillets of the different species of farmed fish would contribute at most 15% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) for a 60 kg adult. The consumption of farmed fish would not contribute measurably to the intake of BHA; however, a 300 g portion of farmed Atlantic salmon would contribute up to 75% of the ADI for BHT.

Review: In vivo and postmortem effects of feed antioxidants in livestock: a review of the implications on authorization of antioxidant feed additives

“…In addition, the residues of synthetic antioxidants and their metabolites in animal foods may hamper the use of synthetic antioxidants for postmortem benefits. Consumption of 300 g fillet was shown to contribute significantly to the acceptable daily intake of BHT as well as EQ and its oxidation products, when included in the diets of farmed Atlantic salmon (Lundebye et al, 2010). Moreover, the feed dosage of these synthetic antioxidants and their duration of exposure in animals could be directly related to the amount of their residues in animal foods as shown for EQ in the fillet of Atlantic salmon (Bohne et al, 2008).…”

Decline of Prooxidant Activity of Butyl and Phenyl Derivatives of Tin in the Presence of meso-Tetrakis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin

“…Снижение порфиринами прооксидантной актив-ности оловоорганических соединений ((С 4 Н 9 ) 3 SnCl, (С 4 Н 9 ) 2 SnCl 2 , (С 6 Н 5 ) 3 SnCl и (С 6 Н 5 ) 2 SnCl 2 ) изучено в срав-нении с известными антиокислительными агентами, которые широко используются для ингибирования ПОЛ рыбного корма [22,23] (α-токоферолом, 2,6-ди-трет-бутилфенолом, 2,6-ди-трет-бутил-4-метилфенолом (ионолом)). В настоящее время установлено токсическое действие ионола, при применении которого в высоких дозах увеличивается образование АФК.…”

Multi-class determination of undesirables in aquaculture samples by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization: A novel approach for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

“…where normally other antioxidant such as BHT and BHA are used [37]. All other feed ingredients, including terrestrial and plant, also contained ethoxyquin, albeit at l00-150…”