Twelve adult clients described the role of religion and spirituality in their lives and in therapy as a whole, as well as their specific experiences of discussing religious-spiritual topics in individual outpatient psychotherapy with nonreligiously affiliated therapists. Data were analyzed using Consensual Qualitative Research (CQR; Hill, Thompson, & Williams, 1997). Results indicated that clients were regularly involved in religious-spiritual activities, usually did not know the religious-spiritual orientation of their therapists, but often found them open to such discussions. Specific helpful discussions of NOT THE PUBLISHED VERSION; this is the author's final, peer-reviewed manuscript. The published version may be accessed by following the link in the citation at the bottom of the page.Psychotherapy Research, Vol. 15, No. 3 (July 2005): pg. 287-303. DOI. This article is © Taylor & Francis (Routledge) and permission has been granted for this version to appear in e-Publications@Marquette. Taylor & Francis (Routledge) does not grant permission for this article to be further copied/distributed or hosted elsewhere without the express permission from Taylor & Francis (Routledge).2 religion-spirituality were often begun by clients in the 1st year of therapy, were related to clients' presenting concerns, were facilitated by therapists' openness, and yielded positive effects. Specific unhelpful discussions were raised equally by clients and therapists early in therapy, made clients feel judged, and evoked negative effects. Implications for practice and research are addressed.Outpatient psychotherapy clients report a desire to discuss religious or spiritual topics in their therapy, and many also indicate that religion and spirituality are of central importance to their healing and growth (Rose, Westefeld, & Ansley, 2001). Given the profession's historical ambivalence toward matters of religion and spirituality, however, much remains to be learned regarding how these conversations may be rendered beneficial to clients. Such is the focus of the current study.We begin with some definitions, about which we acknowledge that full agreement has not been reached (Pargament, 1999). Religion, from the Latin religare, meaning ''to bind together or to express concern' ' (Fukuyama & Sevig, 1999), has been defined as an organizing system of faith, worship, rituals, and tradition (Worthington, 1988, as cited in Fukuyama & Sevig, 1999. Religion may thus offer structure and community to one's personal sense of spiritual connection. In contrast, spirituality, from the Latin spiritus, meaning ''breath, courage, vigor, or life'' (Ingersoll, 1994), is a phenomenon unique to the individual and has been defined as the ''breath'' that animates life or a sense of connection to oneself, others, and that which is beyond self and others (e.g., the transcendent, God 1 , universal energy, love). Although spirituality is an individual construct, denoting a personal relationship with the transcendent, religion is a social construct bespeaki...