“…The measures most commonly used to assess the association between health literacy and smoking-related behaviors or issues were the NVS 38,53,74,86,90,96 , REALM 20,42,76,82,83,85,97 , TOFHLA 39,[43][44][45]52,[60][61][62]76,80,91,93,94 , the European Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire (HLS-EU-Q) 41,47,51,57,65,69,87 , and the Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ) 54,55,79,81 . In addition, health literacy assessment instruments in various languages were used to assess the association between health literacy and smoking-related behaviors or issues, such as the 14-item health literacy scale for Japanese adults and Communicative and Critical Health Literacy in Japan 58,86 , Chinese Citizen Health Literacy Questionnaire in China 71,72 , and Korean Health Literacy Instrument in Korea 68 .…”