Levels of β-Mannan in Soybean Meal

Abstract

Beta-mannan, also known as beta-galactomannan, is found in a number of feed ingredients for poultry. Of these, soybean meal (SBM) is by far the most commonly used, being the primary source of protein in poultry feeds in most countries. Although beta-mannan has clearly been shown to be deleterious to poultry and animal performance, a survey of its concentration in SBM has yet to be reported. Thirty-six samples of SBM, identified as either dehulled or nondehulled, were obtained from commercial sources in a number of countries and assayed for beta-mannan content. Results confirmed that all samples of SBM assayed contained at least 1.0% beta-mannan and that concentrations are higher in nondehulled (1.61 +/- 0.20%) than in dehulled samples (1.26 +/- 0.14%).

Endosperm Size Diversity in Domesticated, Wild, and Semiwild Soybean

“…Unusually low level of galactomannan-containing endosperm in domesticated soybean may also be one of these traits, following a pattern for chemical domestication of legumes (Johns, 1994). Galactomannans are known to be nonnutritional, and in large amounts antinutritional, to monogastric animals, such as birds, swine, and humans, and the feed industry has expended eff ort toward degradation of galactomannans in soybean-based feed (Ward and Fodge, 1996;Hsiao et al, 2006). It may be that the reduction in endosperm size of many domesticated soybean accessions was an unwitting attempt during the domestication process to reduce galactomannan levels to tolerable amounts, and thus conform to the insignificant endosperm of other edible domesticated legume seeds.…”

“…First, galactomannans fi nd innumerable industrial, culinary, medical, and other commercial uses (Buckeridge et al, 2000). Second, even small galactomannan amounts in soybean-based feed are antinutritional to monogastric animals and, therefore, cause economic loss or alternatively entail the expense of degradation (Hsiao et al, 2006). or locust bean (Ceratonia siliqua L.; Tookey and Jones, 1965;Dhugga et al, 2004).…”

“…or locust bean (Ceratonia siliqua L.; Tookey and Jones, 1965;Dhugga et al, 2004). Second, even small galactomannan amounts in soybean-based feed are antinutritional to monogastric animals and, therefore, cause economic loss or alternatively entail the expense of degradation (Hsiao et al, 2006). For these reasons, an ability to manipulate soybean endosperm size, and thus galactomannan amount, through genetic incorporation of diverse germplasm sources, would be economically desirable.…”

Ileal digestibility of nutrients and amino acids in low quality soybean meal sources treated with β-mannanase for growing pigs

“…Thus, their digestion is through bacterial fermentation. β-mannan (also known as β-galactomannan) is a soluble NSP containing repeated units of mannose complexed with galactose or glucose linked to the β-mannan backbone (Ouhida et al, 2002;Hsiao et al, 2006;Prajapati et al, 2013). The NSP can resist action by pig's endogenous enzymes.…”

“…Enzymes are used to get rid of antinutritional factors such as trypsin inhibitors (TI) and lectins, digest NSP, or supplement the activity of endogenous enzymes to increase nutrient digestibility (Lee and Yu, 2013). β-mannanase, a hydrolytic enzyme, has been reported to be effective in breaking down β-mannan fraction and reversing the negative impact caused by β-mannan when fed to livestock (Hsiao et al, 2006;Jackson, 2010). In addition, SBM 44% CP and SBM 48% CP are excellent sources of protein for pigs because soy proteins have excellent balance of indispensable amino acids.…”