Leveraging Ecological Momentary Assessment to Examine Bi-directional Associations Between Sleep Quality, Adolescent/Young Adult Alcohol Craving and Use

Abstract

Background Alcohol use is common among adolescents and young adults (AYA) and linked to poor sleep quality. Poor sleep quality may also increase alcohol use and alcohol craving, yet bi-directional relations between sleep quality and AYA alcohol use are poorly understood. Purpose This study examined bi-directional associations between sleep quality, alcohol craving, and alcohol use in AYA using ecological momentary assessment (EMA) and explored if biological sex, age, or race moderated these associations. Methods This pre-registered secondary analysis pooled EMA data from the baseline, pre-randomization period (M = 8.18 days, range = 1–17) in two double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials examining medication effects on alcohol use in AYA (N = 115). Each morning, participants reported sleep quality and alcohol consumption (i.e., number of standard drinks) from the previous day, and craving was rated at several random points each day. Results Multilevel modeling showed that poorer average sleep quality was associated with higher levels of alcohol craving for females but not for males, and better overall levels of sleep quality were associated with decreased likelihood of engaging in alcohol use. No other person- or day-level associations between sleep and alcohol use emerged. Conclusions Better sleep quality may be protective against alcohol use in AYA, and female AYA who report poorer sleep quality may experience higher levels of alcohol craving. Research and clinical assessment of AYA sleep quality can contribute to understanding of factors promoting alcohol craving and use.

A test of competing mediators linking trouble sleeping to cannabis use in adolescents and emerging adults.

“…Sleep problems may increase cannabis cravings by depleting cognitive resources that make self-regulation more difficult (Freeman & Gottfredson, 2018) or by augmenting a cannabis’ hedonic, reinforcing subjective effects (Hamidovic & de Wit, 2009; Roehrs et al, 2004). Indeed, a small but growing literature has investigated how sleep problems relate to cravings for various reinforcers including food, alcohol, opiates, cocaine, cigarettes, nonmedical use of prescription drugs, ketamine, and cannabis (Freeman & Gottfredson, 2018; Graupensperger et al, 2022; Hamidovic & de Wit, 2009; Kracht et al, 2019; Lydon-Staley et al, 2017; Miller, Freeman, Park, et al, 2021; Pielech et al, 2023; Serre et al, 2015; Yen et al, 2020). Prospective studies show that young adults from the community and adults in residential substance use treatment with more sleep problems (i.e., shorter sleep durations, poorer subjective sleep quality) experience higher levels of alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, opiates, and nonmedical prescription drug cravings the following day (Freeman & Gottfredson, 2018; Graupensperger et al, 2022; Lydon-Staley et al, 2017).…”