“…8.2 ALS/ITS/Adaptive Assessment systems : Provide authentic, near optimal, or adaptive learning paths, contents, and objects based on learners' abilities, prior knowledge, affective states, etc. (Arroyo et al, 2014; Chen, 2008; Chen, 2009a; Chen, 2009b; Chen & Li, 2010; Cully & Demiris, 2020; Hammerschmidt‐Snidarich et al, 2019; Hsu et al, 2013; Hwang, Sung, et al, 2012; Katsionis & Virvou, 2008; Kurilovas et al, 2015; Martín‐SanJosé et al, 2014; McCarthy, Liu, & Schauer, 2020; McCarthy, Watanabe, et al, 2020; Moltudal et al, 2020; Phillips et al, 2020; Siddique et al, 2017; Siddique et al, 2018; Standen et al, 2020; Su et al, 2006; Troussas et al, 2020; Tseng et al, 2008; Wang et al, 2020); Learning systems automatically return exercises that are slightly more difficult than the student's current understanding level (Cornelisz & van Klaveren, 2018) or items/learning activities that students need additional practices (Wang, 2014; Wongwatkit et al, 2020; You et al, 2019)…”