Levulinic acid esterification with ethanol to ethyl levulinate production over solid acid catalysts

Fernandes, Daniella R.; Rocha, Ângela Sanches; Mai, Enzo; Mota, Cláudio J. A.; Silva, Victor Teixeira da

doi:10.1016/j.apcata.2012.03.020

Cited by 288 publications

(197 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…As we can see, the TOF decreased in the order of GC400 > Nafion-212 > Amberlyst-15 > Hβ > HZSM-5. The result agrees with the recent study by Fernandes et al [13], who found that the activity of zeolites in esterification of LA were generally lower than that of sulfated oxides. The poor activity of zeolites is related to the formation of the transition state inside the channels rather than to their acidity.…”

Section: Comparison With Other Typical Solid Acidssupporting

confidence: 83%

“…By-products like ethers coming from the intermolecular dehydration of alcohols were not observed under the moderate reaction conditions (see Figure S4). A blank experiment with 5.2% conversion of LA indicated that LA could catalyze the reaction as a weak acid catalyst [13]. Figure 4 shows that both sulfonated carbons exhibited a certain extent of catalytic activity, while a significantly higher reaction rate and LA conversion were obtained on GC400.…”

Section: Esterification Activity Over Two Sulfonated Carbon Materialsmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…As far as we know, most studies were focused on the synthesis of ethyl levulinate (EL). For this purpose, various solid acid catalysts have been developed, including supported heteropolyacid [9,10], zeolites [11,12], sulfonated metal oxides [13] and silicas [14], sulfonated carbon nanotubes [15], Starbon ® mesoporous carbon [16], and hybrid catalysts [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Efficient Production of N-Butyl Levulinate Fuel Additive from Levulinic Acid Using Amorphous Carbon Enriched with Oxygenated Groups

Yang

Zhang

et al. 2018

Catalysts

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Abstract:The aim of this study was to develop an effective carbonaceous solid acid for synthesizing green fuel additive through esterification of lignocellulose-derived levulinic acid (LA) and n-butanol. Two different sulfonated carbons were prepared from glucose-derived amorphous carbon (GC400) and commercial active carbon (AC400). They were contrastively studied by a series of characterizations (N 2 adsorption, X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and NH 3 temperature programmed desorption). The results indicated that GC400 possessed stronger acidity and higher -SO 3 H density than AC400, and the amorphous structure qualified GC400 for good swelling capacity in the reaction solution. Assessment experiments showed that GC400 displayed remarkably higher catalytic efficiency than AC400 and other typical solid acids (HZSM-5, Hβ, Amberlyst-15 and Nafion-212 resin). Up to 90.5% conversion of LA and 100% selectivity of n-butyl levulinate could be obtained on GC400 under the optimal reaction conditions. The sulfonated carbon retained 92% of its original catalytic activity even after five cycles.

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Section: Comparison With Other Typical Solid Acidssupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Esterification Activity Over Two Sulfonated Carbon Materialsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Efficient Production of N-Butyl Levulinate Fuel Additive from Levulinic Acid Using Amorphous Carbon Enriched with Oxygenated Groups

Yang

Zhang

et al. 2018

Catalysts

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“…In the past few years, many researchers have obtained levulinate esters through esterification of levulinic acid with ethanol in the presence of sulfuric acid, solid acid, or immobilized lipases, and good yields have been achieved (Bart et al 1994;Fernandes et al 2012;Pasquale et al 2012;Lee et al 2010). However, as raw material for this purpose, levulinic acid is of high cost with its present uneconomic production from the acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass due to its high boiling point and activity (Ya'aini et al 2012;Galletti et al 2012;Chang et al 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conversion of Biomass-Derived Furfuryl Alcohol into Ethyl Levulinate Catalyzed by Solid Acid in Ethanol

Zhang

Sun

et al. 2014

BioRes

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A green and efficient process was developed for the conversion of biomass-derived furfuryl alcohol to ethyl levulinate using eco-friendly solid acid catalysts (zeolites and sulfated oxides) in ethanol. Studies for optimizing the reaction conditions such as the substrate concentration, the reaction time, the temperature, and the catalyst loading dosage were performed. With SO 4 2− /TiO 2 as the catalyst, a high ethyl levulinate yield of 74.6 mol% was achieved using a catalyst load of 5 wt% at 398 K for 2.0 h. The catalyst recovered through calcination was found to maintain good catalytic activity (47.8 mol%) after three cycles, and it was easily reactivated by re-soaking in H 2 SO 4 solution. Catalyst characterization was based on BET surface area, NH 3 -TPD, and elemental analysis techniques.

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“…EL can be used as a platform chemical for the production of a wide range of value-added products. In general, EL can be obtained by esterification of levulinic acid and alcohols (Fernandes et al 2012;Pasquale et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquefaction of Fir Sawdust in Supercritical Ethanol with Dissolved Phosphotungstic Acid

ChangWei¹,

Zheng²,

Lv³

et al. 2015

BioResources

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An environmentally benign approach is put forward with the focus on directly liquefying and depolymerizing Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook. (Chinese fir) sawdust into ethyl levulinate (EL) under supercritical ethanol (scEtOH) conditions by using phosphotungstic acid (PTA) as a catalyst. The effects of parameters such as catalyst dosage, temperature, and reaction time on alcoholysis yield were investigated. The experimental results show that the biomass alcoholysis yield reached 95.35% with 0.5 g PTA as a catalyst at 260 °C for 30 min. Alcoholysis yield and quantitative content of EL depended on the catalyst. The light bio-oil was primarily composed of phenols, aldehydes, ketones, and esters. A high quantitative content of EL up to 20.82% (AR, Relative abundance) was achieved, compared to 0.73% AR when PTA was not added. Hence, scEtOH with dissolved PTA may offer novel media for both chemical reactions and biomass conversion technology as a replacement for environmentally undesirable organic solvents.

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Levulinic acid esterification with ethanol to ethyl levulinate production over solid acid catalysts

Cited by 288 publications

References 32 publications

Efficient Production of N-Butyl Levulinate Fuel Additive from Levulinic Acid Using Amorphous Carbon Enriched with Oxygenated Groups

Efficient Production of N-Butyl Levulinate Fuel Additive from Levulinic Acid Using Amorphous Carbon Enriched with Oxygenated Groups

Conversion of Biomass-Derived Furfuryl Alcohol into Ethyl Levulinate Catalyzed by Solid Acid in Ethanol

Liquefaction of Fir Sawdust in Supercritical Ethanol with Dissolved Phosphotungstic Acid

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