Levulinic Acid Production From Waste Biomass

Galletti, Anna Maria Raspolli; Antonetti, Claudia; Luise, Valentina De; Licursi, Domenico; Nassi, N

doi:10.15376/biores.7.2.1824-1835

Cited by 74 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…In this process the C6‐sugars in the lignocellulose are converted into a 1:1 mixture of levulinic acid and formic acid with over 50 % yield. A process was initially developed by Biofine, but it suffered some shortcomings . In the meantime, an improved process was developed by GFBiochemicals .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nylon Intermediates from Bio‐Based Levulinic Acid

et al. 2019

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Use of ZrO 2 /SiO 2 as asolid acid catalyst in the ringopening of biobased g-valerolactone with methanol in the gas phase leads to mixtures of methyl 2-, 3-, and 4-pentenoate (MP) in over 95 %selectivity,containing asurprising 81 %of M4P.This process allows the application of aselective hydroformylation to this mixture to convert M4P into methyl 5formyl-valerate (M5FV) with 90 %s electivity.T he other isomers remain unreacted. Reductive amination of M5FV and ring-closure to e-caprolactam in excellent yield had been reported before.T he remaining mixture of 2-and 3-MP was subjected to an isomerising methoxycarbonylation to dimethyl adipate in 91 %yield.Scheme 1. Routes to e-caprolactam from butadiene.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nylon Intermediates from Bio‐Based Levulinic Acid

et al. 2019

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“…LA can be obtained directly from biomass via reaction with dilute (4%) sulfuric acid at 200°C without any pretreatment (Scheme ) 24. Reported yields vary between 45% and 83% with respect to the C6 sugars, depending on the source, the temperature, and the type of acid used 25,26. Side products are furfural (from the C5 sugars), formic acid, and humines (a tar‐like material).…”

Section: Adipic Acid From Levulinic Acidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Catalytic Conversion of Renewable Resources into Bulk and Fine Chemicals

Vries

2016

The Chemical Record

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Several strategies can be chosen to convert renewable resources into chemicals. In this account, I exemplify the route that starts with so-called platform chemicals; these are relatively simple chemicals that can be produced in high yield, directly from renewable resources, either via fermentation or via chemical routes. They can be converted into the existing bulk chemicals in a very efficient manner using multistep catalytic conversions. Two examples are given of the conversion of sugars into nylon intermediates. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) can be prepared in good yield from fructose. Two hydrogenation steps convert HMF into 1,6-hexanediol. Oppenauer oxidation converts this product into caprolactone, which in the past, has been converted into caprolactam in a large-scale industrial process by reaction with ammonia. An even more interesting platform chemical is levulinic acid (LA), which can be obtained directly from lignocellulose in good yield by treatment with dilute sulfuric acid at 200°C. Hydrogenation converts LA into gamma-valerolactone, which is ring-opened and esterified in a gas-phase process to a mixture of isomeric methyl pentenoates in excellent selectivity. In a remarkable selective palladium-catalysed isomerising methoxycarbonylation, this mixture is converted in to dimethyl adipate, which is finally hydrolysed to adipic acid. Overall selectivities of both processes are extremely high. The conversion of lignin into chemicals is a much more complicated task in view of the complex nature of lignin. It was discovered that breakage of the most prevalent β-O-4 bond in lignin occurs not only via the well-documented C3 pathway, but also via a C2 pathway, leading to the formation of highly reactive phenylacetaldehydes. These compounds went largely unnoticed as they immediately recondense on lignin. We have now found that it is possible to prevent this by converting these aldehydes in a tandem reaction, as they are formed. For this purpose, we have used three different methods: acetalisation, hydrogenation, and decarbonylation. These reactions were first established in the tandem reactions of model compounds, but subsequently, we were able to show that this works equally well on organosolv lignin and even on lignocellulose.

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“…In the 1990s, Biofine Inc. (Framingham, MA) developed the first practical production process of LA from cellulose‐containing biomass in the presence of between 1 to 5 wt% of H 2 SO 4 . After that, many reports on LA production from biomass have been published using hydrothermal conversion and microwave irradiation …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrodialytic separation of levulinic acid catalytically synthesized from woody biomass for use in microbial conversion

Habe

Kondo

Sato

et al. 2017

Biotechnology Progress

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Levulinic acid (LA) is produced by the catalytic conversion of a variety of woody biomass. To investigate the potential use of desalting electrodialysis (ED) for LA purification, electrodialytic separation of levulinate from both reagent and cedar-derived LA solution (40-160 g L ) was demonstrated. When using reagent LA solution with pH5.0-6.0, the recovery rates of levulinate ranged from 68 to 99%, and the energy consumption for recovery of 1 kg of levulinate ranged from 0.18 to 0.27 kWh kg . With cedar-derived LA solution (pH6.0), good agreement in levulinate recovery (88-99%), and energy consumption (0.18-0.22 kWh kg ) were observed in comparison to the reagent LA solutions, although a longer operation time was required due to some impurities. The application of desalting ED was favorable for promoting microbial utilization of cedar-derived LA. From 0.5 mol L of the ED-concentrated sodium levulinate solution, 95.6% of levulinate was recovered as LA calcium salt dihydrate by crystallization. This is the first report on ED application for LA recovery using more than 20 g L LA solutions (40-160 g L ). © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:448-453, 2017.

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Levulinic Acid Production From Waste Biomass

Cited by 74 publications

References 24 publications

Nylon Intermediates from Bio‐Based Levulinic Acid

Nylon Intermediates from Bio‐Based Levulinic Acid

Catalytic Conversion of Renewable Resources into Bulk and Fine Chemicals

Electrodialytic separation of levulinic acid catalytically synthesized from woody biomass for use in microbial conversion

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