Lexical-semantic processing costs are not inherent to intra-sentential code-switching: The role of switching habits

Code-Switching in Online Synchronous Learning

“…It was mostly uttered by the teacher during the online discussion when they were trying to connect both languages used (Indonesian language and English) within the sentence in delivering their intention through online communication. Some of them appeared in the beginning, in the middle, and at the end of a sentence (Gosselin & Sabourin, 2021). It referred to previous research which mentioned that this type of code-switching links the switch in both languages use, and further for the placement of intra-sentential switching can be found anywhere (Fernandez et al, 2019;Rossi et al, 2021).…”

“…It required the speakers to have great fluency in both languages (Koban, 2013;Pérez & Duñabeitia, 2019). And that was why there were no students who did inter-sentential switching as they were not fluent enough in both languages (Gosselin & Sabourin, 2021;Rossi et al, 2021).…”

“…Second, affective functions, aimed at building solidarity and an intimate atmosphere to help students learn comfortably as well as developing strong rapport between teachers and students. And last, the repetitive function was used to ensure clarity of the instruction, question, and explanation to students (Gosselin & Sabourin, 2021;Yacovone et al, 2021). It is used to repeat some utterances in both the first and target language to ensure that students understand the target language.…”

“…Code-switching is defined as the phenomenon of using more than one language in the same conversation or sentence by bilingual people (Ataş & Sağın-Şimşek, 2021;Hsieh & Tseng, 2017). Moreover, there were three types of code-switching, namely: tag-switching, inter-sentential code-switching, and intrasentential code-switching (Chau & Lee, 2021;Gosselin & Sabourin, 2021). Regarding Poplack's explanation, tag-switching is defined as the insertion of another language into the lingual unit of a sentence in a speech.…”

“…Additionally, intra-sentential switching is possibly the most complex type among the three types of code-switching based on Poplack's theory. In this type of code-switching, the speaker is trying to connect the switches with the utterance they are uttering and it occurs within the sentence and the switch links the two languages (Fernandez et al, 2019;Gosselin & Sabourin, 2021). It also may appear in the beginning, in the middle, and at the end of a sentence.…”