LhANS-rr1, LhDFR, and LhMYB114 Regulate Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Flower Buds of Lilium ‘Siberia’

Abstract

The bulb formation of Lilium is affected by many physiological and biochemical phenomena, including flower bud differentiation, starch and sucrose accumulation, photoperiod, carbon fixation, plant hormone transduction, etc. The transcriptome analysis of flower buds of Lilium hybrid ‘Siberia’ at different maturity stages showed that floral bud formation is associated with the accumulation of anthocyanins. The results of HPLC-MS showed that cyanidin is the major anthocyanin found in Lilium ‘Siberia’. Transcriptome KEGG enrichment analysis and qRT-PCR validation showed that two genes related to flavonoid biosynthesis (LhANS-rr1 and LhDFR) were significantly up-regulated. The functional analysis of differential genes revealed that LhMYB114 was directly related to anthocyanin accumulation among 19 MYB transcription factors. Furthermore, the qRT-PCR results suggested that their expression patterns were very similar at different developmental stages of the lily bulbs. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) revealed that down-regulation of LhANS-rr1, LhDFR, and LhMYB114 could directly lead to a decrease in anthocyanin accumulation, turning the purple phenotype into a white color. Moreover, this is the first report to reveal that LhMYB114 can regulate anthocyanin accumulation at the mature stage of lily bulbs. The accumulation of anthocyanins is an important sign of lily maturity. Therefore, these findings have laid a solid theoretical foundation for further discussion on lily bulb development in the future.

Characterisation and Expression Analysis of LdSERK1, a Somatic Embryogenesis Gene in Lilium davidii var. unicolor

“…The VIGS assay used pTRV1 and pTRV2 vectors, which have been described previously [ 55 ]. A 288 bp fragment was amplified using two primers of LdF3 and LdR3 and the cDNA of a somatic embryo as a template.…”

“…The procedure was completed according to the Q3 Semi-Quantitative PCR Operation Manual. The Lilium × formolongi EF-1a was used as an internal reference [ 55 ]. Quantitative PCR expression levels were calculated according to the 2 −ΔΔCT method.…”

Novel R2R3-MYB Transcription Factor LhMYB1 Promotes Anthocyanin Accumulation in Lilium concolor var. pulchellum

“…The low-resolution electrospray mass spectrometry was conducted using a solariX ion trap mass spectrometer (MS) (Bruker Daltoniks, Billerica, MA, USA) [50]. Analyses were performed by LC-QTOF (Santa Clara, CA, USA, Agilent 6545B) at 530 nm using delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, pelargonin, and mallow pigments as standards [51]. The anthocyanin accumulated in the samples was cyanidin (Figure S2).…”

Involvement of a MYB Transcription Factor in Anthocyanin Biosynthesis during Chinese Bayberry (Morella rubra) Fruit Ripening

“…A variety of enzymes, including chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), and flavanone 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H) are responsible for the biosynthesis of flavonol, anthocyanin, and proanthocyanidin (PA) [11][12][13][14][15]. Dihydroflavonols are synthesized by these enzymes and are then either transformed to flavonols by flavonol synthase (FLS) or reduced to colorless leucocyanidins by dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) [16][17][18]. Leucocyanidins are the fundamental structures of flavonoids and anthocyanins.…”