Li/graphene oxide primary battery system and mechanism

Abstract

A novel type of Li/graphene oxide (Li/GO) battery based on a spontaneous redox reaction between Li metal and GO cathode is introduced as an alternative viable primary battery system. Here, we present an efficient synthesis of GO by the modified Hummers method and focus on a comprehensive study of the reduction mechanism. The Li/GO battery was thoroughly analyzed by various physical and electrochemical methods. GO rich in oxygen-bearing functional groups on graphene layers provided lithium storage sites and delivered a high discharge capacity of around 720 mAh/g at 12 mA/g. Products formed on the surface during reduction were analyzed, and a mechanism was proposed. The results uncovered the reasons underlying the improved electrochemical properties and the contribution of the irreversible capacity of reduced GO in graphene-based composite electrode materials for metal-ion batteries. The Li/GO concept is expected to shed light on the design of similar M/GO batteries based on other active metal anodes (e.g., M = Na, Mg, Al, Zn).

Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance of KVO/GO Composites as Anodes for Aqueous Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Batteries

“…Second, the smaller nanosize of KVO/GO guaranteed a high surface area, which facilitated the adequate contact between the anode and the electrolyte. Finally, plenty of oxygen-based functional groups were introduced into each layer of graphene oxide with a layered structure, which provided more convenient pathways for lithium-ion insertion/extraction in the nanorod-like KVO/GO electrode materials. − As a result, the lithium-ion conductivity was improved and so was the electrochemical properties.…”

“…On the one hand, superior anode materials were selected to improve electrochemical properties, such as potassium vanadate, which had a high theoretical capacity and good cycling performance. There have already been some reports about potassium vanadate used as electrode materials. , On the other hand, carbonaceous materials were used as modified materials to provide a buffer layer for the volume change of anode materials during the lithium-ion insertion/extraction. , It is worth mentioning that graphene with a high electrical conductivity, high surface area, and excellent mechanical performance has become a popular material to use in batteries. , In particular, graphene oxide (GO) as the product of oxidation has more abundant functional groups on the surface, which results in a higher activity. − However, research on an anode modified by GO is insufficient and needs further exploration.…”

“… 35 , 36 In particular, graphene oxide (GO) as the product of oxidation has more abundant functional groups on the surface, which results in a higher activity. 37 − 39 However, research on an anode modified by GO is insufficient and needs further exploration.…”

Mesoscience in Hollow Multi‐Shelled Structures

“…In a general view, the fabrication process of HoMS begins with the preparation of sequential templates. The properties of these templates, such as their composition, [63][64][65][66][67] surface functional group, [68,69] and charge distribution, [70] have a significant impact on the distribution of precursors within them. The subsequent step involves the removal of these templates, which are influenced by both thermodynamic and kinetic factors.…”

A hybrid composite of H2V3O8 and graphene for aqueous lithium-ion batteries with enhanced electrochemical performance

“…4,5 However, the future of traditional LIBs for large-scale storage has been questionable recently. 6,7 Environmental pollution is a serious problem for LIBs due to the use of organic electrolytes. 8,9 Moreover, the harsh equipment process and equipment conditions, as well as the uneven distribution of lithium elements, will lead to the higher and higher cost of LIBs in the long run.…”