Li-Ion Battery Anode State of Charge Estimation and Degradation Monitoring Using Battery Casing via Unknown Input Observer

Abstract

The anode state of charge (SOC) and degradation information pertaining to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is crucial for understanding battery degradation over time. This information about each cell in a battery pack can help prolong the battery pack’s life cycle. Because of the limited observability, estimating the anode state and capacity fade is difficult. This task is even more challenging for the cells in a battery pack, as the current through the individual cell is not constant when cells are connected in parallel. Considering these challenges, this paper presents a novel method to set up three-electrode cells by using the battery’s casing as a reference electrode for building a three-electrode battery pack. This work is a continuation of the authors’ previous research. An unknown input observer (UIO) is employed to estimate the anode SOC of an individual battery in the battery pack. To ensure the stability of a defined Lyapunov function, the UIO parameter matrices are expressed as a linear matrix inequality (LMI). The anode SOC of a lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) battery is estimated by using the standard graphite potential (SGP) and state of lithiation (SOL) characteristic curve. The anode capacity is then calculated by using the total charge transferred in a charging cycle and the estimated SOC of the anode. The degradation of the battery is then evaluated by comparing the capacity fading of the anode to the total charge carried to the cell. The proposed method can estimate the anode SOC and capacity fade of an individual battery in a battery pack, which can monitor the degradation of the individual batteries and the battery pack in real time. By using the proposed method, we can identify the over-degraded batteries in the pack for remaining useful life analysis on the battery.

Extended Recursive Three-Step Filter for Linear Discrete-Time Systems with Dual-Unknown Inputs

“…Theorem 4. If the system equations satisfy rank(D k ) = m 1 + m 2 , then for any d k−1 and l k , the gain matrix M k for which (18) holds and minimizes the trace of the covariance matrix P d k−1|k is:…”

“…In terms of application, ref. [18] considers SoC estimation of the positive electrode of Li-ion batteries ground on an observer with unknown input.…”

Effect of Secondary Phase on Electroless Ni Plating Behaviour of Super Duplex Stainless Steel SAF2507 for Advanced Li-Ion Battery Case

“…Conversely, austenitic stainless steel provides excellent strength and corrosion resistance, yet exhibits lower electrical conductivity. Improving the conductivity of stainless steel is crucial for enhancing battery performance because low electrical conductivity hinders electron movement [ 13 , 19 ]. However, research on enhancing the electrical conductivity of stainless steel as an electrode material in Li-ion batteries is lacking and requires further investigation.…”

Study of Electroless Nickel Plating on Super Duplex Stainless Steel for Lithium-Ion Battery Cases: Electrochemical Behaviour and Effects of Plating Time

“…These attributes have made Li-ion batteries the preferred choice for electric vehicles and devices, and demand has increased in recent years [4][5][6]. Considering the integration of Li-ion batteries into daily life, it is crucial to ensure their safety [7][8][9]. Consequently, research in this field has focused on enhancing the safety of Li-ion batteries.…”

“…Li-ion batteries consist of a Li electrolyte between the cathode and the anode [1,6,7]. The cathode, which must have a high electrical conductivity, commonly utilises materials of the lithium oxide series, whereas the anode, which serves as the casing, must have high strength and corrosion resistance; thus, stainless steel is frequently used.…”