Li-ion battery recycling challenges

Ma, Xiaotu; Azhari, Luqman; Wang, Yan

doi:10.1016/j.chempr.2021.09.013

Cited by 124 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Ma et al have discussed several challenges faced by the LIB recycling community. [ 83 ] In addition to the technical obstacles of the three aforementioned recycling approaches, the evolving battery design (e.g., Tesla's 4680 cylindrical cells and “tabless” design, BYD's blade battery pack, and CATL's cell‐to‐pack technology) brings more difficulties to disassembly and pretreatment. [ 83 ] It is expected that there will be nearly 2 million metric tons of global spent LIBs per year by 2030, pushing recycling to a large scale.…”

Section: Status Of Lib Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable Electric Vehicle Batteries for a Sustainable World: Perspectives on Battery Cathodes, Environment, Supply Chain, Manufacturing, Life Cycle, and Policy

Yang

Huang

Lin

2022

Advanced Energy Materials

148

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Li‐ion batteries (LIBs) can reduce carbon emissions by powering electric vehicles (EVs) and promoting renewable energy development with grid‐scale energy storage. However, LIB production and electricity generation still heavily rely on fossil fuels at present, resulting in major environmental concerns. Are LIBs as environmentally friendly and sustainable as expected at the current stage? In the past 5 years, a skyrocketing growth of the EV market has been witnessed. LIBs have garnered huge attention from academia, industry, government, non‐governmental organizations, investors, and the general public. Tremendous volumes of LIBs are already implemented in EVs today, with a continuing, exponential growth expected for the years to come. When LIBs reach their end‐of‐life in the next decades, what technologies can be in place to enable second‐life or recycling of batteries? Herein, life cycle assessment studies are examined to evaluate the environmental impact of LIBs, and EVs are compared with internal combustion engine vehicles regarding environmental sustainability. To provide a holistic view of the LIB development, this Perspective provides insights into materials development, manufacturing, recycling, legislation and policy, and beyond. Last but not least, the future development of LIBs and charging infrastructures in light of emerging technologies are envisioned.

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Section: Status Of Lib Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable Electric Vehicle Batteries for a Sustainable World: Perspectives on Battery Cathodes, Environment, Supply Chain, Manufacturing, Life Cycle, and Policy

Yang

Huang

Lin

2022

Advanced Energy Materials

148

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…[17] Ideally, the promotion of high-tech concepts in the battery sector promises high transparency, information sharing, and traceability, sustaining the development of LIBs. [4] In realistic scenarios, various off-line evaluation measures, such as Coulomb counting, open-circuit voltage (OCV), and EIS are used to determine the SOC, SOH, and remaining useful life (RUL) of the batteries. [40,91] However, these evaluation methods lack accuracy and precision given the real-world variation in the various battery aging mechanisms, ranging from inconsistencies in production and manufacture, and vastly different vehicle operating conditions, to small changes in temperature, solid electrolyte interface (SEI) growth, lithium deposition, active material dissolution, and electrolyte decomposition.…”

Section: Recycling-oriented Predesign Routementioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 17 ] Ideally, the promotion of high‐tech concepts in the battery sector promises high transparency, information sharing, and traceability, sustaining the development of LIBs. [ 4 ]…”

Section: Design and Recycling Concepts Based On Battery Lifecyclementioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been estimated that the future production capacity of LIBs will need to reach 40 GW year −1 to meet the demand. [ 4 ] However, the calendar life of LIBs is generally around 8–10 years, and it is easy to foresee that there will be a steady stream of ex‐service LIBs by then. Concerns have gradually surfaced in this context over how to usher and tackle the waves of used LIBs decently while maximizing the scale benefit and economic value.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prospects for managing end‐of‐life lithium‐ion batteries: Present and future

Wang

Ang

et al. 2022

Interdisciplinary Materials

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The accelerating electrification has sparked an explosion in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) consumption. As the lifespan declines, the substantial LIBs will flow into the recycling market and promise to spawn a giant recycling system. Nonetheless, since the lack of unified guiding standard and nontraceability, the recycling of end-of-life LIBs has fallen into the dilemma of low recycling rate, poor recycling efficiency, and insignificant benefits.Herein, tapping into summarizing and analyzing the current status and challenges of recycling LIBs, this outlook provides insights for the future course of full lifecycle management of LIBs, proposing gradient utilization and recycling-target predesign strategy. Further, we acknowledge some recommendations for recycling waste LIBs and anticipate a collaborative effort to advance sustainable and reliable recycling routes.

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“…However, the most valuable element in the cathode, Co, has been intentionally reduced in new cathode material chemistry, making traditional LIB recycling more economically challenging. Therefore, optimizing or starting with existing recycling technologies to increase profits and maintain economic viability is necessary and urgent, which opens up numerous research opportunities to investigate cost reduction and the enrichment of business models, such as better disassembly techniques, sorting and separation methods, processes for universal recycling of batteries, recycling design, and standardization [12]. The average life cycle of a cell phone or laptop is 1-3 years, and that of EVs is 8-1 years [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of Lithium Batteries—A Review

et al. 2022

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With the rapid development of the electric vehicle industry in recent years, the use of lithium batteries is growing rapidly. From 2015 to 2040, the production of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles could reach 0.33 to 4 million tons. It is predicted that a total of 21 million end-of-life lithium battery packs will be generated between 2015 and 2040. Spent lithium batteries can cause pollution to the soil and seriously threaten the safety and property of people. They contain valuable metals, such as cobalt and lithium, which are nonrenewable resources, and their recycling and treatment have important economic, strategic, and environmental benefits. Estimations show that the weight of spent electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries will reach 500,000 tons in 2020. Methods for safely and effectively recycling lithium batteries to ensure they provide a boost to economic development have been widely investigated. This paper summarizes the recycling technologies for lithium batteries discussed in recent years, such as pyrometallurgy, acid leaching, solvent extraction, electrochemical methods, chlorination technology, ammoniation technology, and combined recycling, and presents some views on the future research direction of lithium batteries.

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Li-ion battery recycling challenges

Cited by 124 publications

References 10 publications

Sustainable Electric Vehicle Batteries for a Sustainable World: Perspectives on Battery Cathodes, Environment, Supply Chain, Manufacturing, Life Cycle, and Policy

Sustainable Electric Vehicle Batteries for a Sustainable World: Perspectives on Battery Cathodes, Environment, Supply Chain, Manufacturing, Life Cycle, and Policy

Prospects for managing end‐of‐life lithium‐ion batteries: Present and future

Recycling of Lithium Batteries—A Review

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