Liberal Pacts and Hierarchies of Rule: Approaching the Imperial Transition in Cuba and Puerto Rico

Scarano, Francisco A.

doi:10.2307/2518420

The Hispanic American Historical Review

1998

DOI: 10.2307/2518420

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Liberal Pacts and Hierarchies of Rule: Approaching the Imperial Transition in Cuba and Puerto Rico

Francisco A. Scarano¹

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“…The Spanish‐American War is the common term in the United States for this conflict. Scholars have also termed it the Spanish‐Cuban‐American War (Duany, ); the Spanish‐Cuban‐Filipino‐American War (Scarano, ); or the War of 1898 (Pérez, ).…”

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National Geographicand Puerto Rico: A Case Study of Journalistic Authority and Collective Identity in the Digital Age

Morris

Mendelson

2015

Communication, Culture & Critique

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This article presents a case study of journalistic authority and collective identity in the context of the changes in mass communications prompted by web interactivity. It traces National Geographic's coverage of Puerto Rico and examines comments posted on an online forum in response to the magazine's first article on Puerto Rico that was widely available to Puerto Ricans themselves. The analysis demonstrates the challenges in representing culture when discussion about the other, or “them,” cannot be confined to insiders—“us”—because “they” may be networked and able to both access material and respond to it. Digital media interactivity allows groups to publicly dispute their representations, and in so doing to challenge journalistic authority.

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National Geographicand Puerto Rico: A Case Study of Journalistic Authority and Collective Identity in the Digital Age

Morris

Mendelson

2015

Communication, Culture & Critique

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“…Puerto Ricans were now U.S. citizens, but with restrictions. For example, although U.S. citizens, the Jones Act denied Puerto Ricans residing on the island the right to vote in American presidential elections (Scarano 2008). The new citizenship granted in 1917, therefore, was a second-class or colonial form of citizenship.…”

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“…On the topic of the United States as empire and Puerto Rico as colony, seeAyala & Bernabe 2007, Duany 2002, Findlay 1999, McCoy & Scarano 2009, Rodríguez Silva 2012, Scarano 1998, Thompson 2010 3 For a history of education in early twentieth century Puerto Rico, in addition to Osuna 1949, seeGómez Tejera & Cruz López 1970, López Yustos 1985, Negrón de Montilla 1998, Tirado 2003.Downloaded from Brill.com11/14/2022 06:42:22AM via free access…”

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Colonial Citizens of a Modern Empire: War, Illiteracy, and Physical Education in Puerto Rico, 1917-1930

Moral

2013

New West Indian Guide

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The year 1917 marked a critical moment in the relationship between the United States and its Puerto Rican colony. It was the year the U.S. Congress approved the Jones Act, which further consolidated the island’s colonial relationship to the empire. Through the Jones Act, U.S. Congressmen granted Puerto Ricans U.S. citizenship. In turn, Puerto Rican men were asked to fulfill the obligations of their new colonial citizenship and join the U.S. military. The Porto Rican Regiment provided 18,000 colonial military recruits to guard the Panama Canal during the war. How did historical actors make sense of this new colonial citizenship? How did they interpret, debate, and adapt to the newly consolidated colonial status? This essay examines how local teachers and educators defined colonial citizenship. Puerto Rican teachers struggled to promote a citizenship-building project that cultivated student commitment to the patria (the island), while acknowledging the colonial relationship to the United States. In the late 1910s and throughout the 1920s, teachers debated military participation in World War I and the rights and obligations of U.S. citizenship. At the core, these debates were informed by anxieties over broader changes in constructions of gender. In the 1920s, Puerto Rico women aggressively and persistently challenged traditional gender norms. Working-class women joined the labor force in ever larger numbers and led labor strikes. Bourgeois women became teachers, nurses, and social workers. Both groups were committed suffragists. The historiography on citizenship and gender in the 1920s has focused on women’s emerging role in public spaces and their demands for just labor rights and the franchise. In this article, I propose we look at teachers, as intermediate actors in the colonial hierarchy, and examine their anxieties over changing gender norms. They debated men’s capacity to serve in the U.S. military and promoted modern physical education for the regeneration of boys and girls in the service of their patria. Debates among teachers in the 1920s sought to define the new category of colonial citizenship. As they did so, they helped liberalize some gender norms, while ultimately reinforcing patriarchy.

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Spanish origins of American Empire: Hispanism, history, and commemoration, 1898–1915

Schmidt‐Nowara

2008

The International History Review

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Liberal Pacts and Hierarchies of Rule: Approaching the Imperial Transition in Cuba and Puerto Rico

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

National Geographicand Puerto Rico: A Case Study of Journalistic Authority and Collective Identity in the Digital Age

National Geographicand Puerto Rico: A Case Study of Journalistic Authority and Collective Identity in the Digital Age

Colonial Citizens of a Modern Empire: War, Illiteracy, and Physical Education in Puerto Rico, 1917-1930

Spanish origins of American Empire: Hispanism, history, and commemoration, 1898–1915

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