Liberating effects of group pressure.

Abstract

A study of constructive conformity. Experimental studies have generally pointed to the negative effects of group pressure. The present experiment shows that in specifiable circumstances group pressure enables a person to resolve conflicting forces in a direction congruent with his values. In Exp. I Ss are instructed to administer increasingly more severe shocks to a victim. In Exp. II, 2 confederates who defy E's authority are introduced into this situation and effectively free Ss from obedience to E's destructive commands. In Exp. Ill, the 2 confederates follow the E's commands blindly, but this does not lead to increased compliance. Some factors contributing to the powerful effect of the disobedient group are described. The author suggests that there is a direction to potential group effects inherent in the structure of a given social field.

“The last possible resort”: A forgotten prod and the in situ standardization of Stanley Milgram’s voice-feedback condition.

“…1974) reports a wealth of quantitative data, he analysed these data with inferential statistics only infrequently (e.g. Milgram, 1965aMilgram, , 1965b. Indeed, it is arguable that Milgram's experiments are best understood not as examples of the by then dominant tradition of 'variable-oriented research' (Danziger, 1992, p. 324) in social psychology, but instead as involving an attempt to dramatize a particular set of structural relationships (i.e.…”

Like water and vapor—conformity and independence in the large group

“…The latter can be done by increased education, and elimination of punishments for dissent and the introduction of free speech. One example in the literature is the "liberating effects" of the introduction of two dissenting confederates in the Milgram (1965) obedience experiment.…”

Efectos de la señalización de la autoridad y tipo de sanción, sobre la obediencia

“…Así por ejemplo, estos estudios han permi do aprender que disminuir el costo emocional asociado al cumplimiento de la orden incrementa las probabilidades de que esta se cumpla (Fisher, 1994;Milgram, 1983); que la obediencia y el cumplimiento también se ven favorecidos por la cercanía sica de quien da la orden o realiza la pe ción (Kleinke, 1977;Milgram, 1965bMilgram, , 1974bSmith, Gier, & Willis, 1982); por la legimidad o reconocimiento social de la autoridad (Hofling, Brotzman, Dairymple, Graves, & Pierce, 1996;Milgram, 1963Milgram, , 1974a y por el respaldo ins tucional a la autoridad. Milgram (1965a), además encontró que observar el comportamiento desobediente de otra persona incrementa las probabilidades de desobediencia en los observadores. Estos resultados son similares a los encontrados en un estudio de Rangel et al (2012), sobre cumplimiento en escolares.…”