Licensed to kill: the lifestyle of a necrotrophic plant pathogen

Kan, Jan A.L. van

doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2006.03.005

Cited by 627 publications

(450 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…2,3 Main pathogenicity factors, toxin and lytic enzyme secretion act synergistically to kill, degrade and macerate host plant tissues. 4 Oxalic acid secretion by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is now considered as a subtle process to promote plant defence mechanisms that will contribute to host cell death and favor pathogen to progress and feed.…”

Section: Etabolic Changes That Occur Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amino acid changes during sunflower infection by the necrotrophic fungusB. cinerea

Dulermo¹,

Bligny²,

Gout³

et al. 2009

Plant Signaling & Behavior

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M etabolic changes that occur inhost tissues during a necrotrophic plant/fungal interaction have been poorly investigated. Whereas carbon metabolism reprogramming and photosynthesis disturbances have been studied, 1 data on plant amino acids stores during infection are scarce. Here we report an analysis of sunflower cotyledon amino acid content during infection with the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea, by using 13 C-NMR spectroscopy. A rapid disappearance of plant amino acids was observed, most probably due to fungal assimilation. In order to explore amino acid changes due to host reaction, we investigated the amino acid content in healthy and invaded region of infected leaves. During the course of infection, glutamate store was affected at distance in the non invaded region. Glutamate depletion was correlated to an enhanced sunflower glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) transcription level in the area invaded by pathogen. Our data suggest that glutamate could be transferred to the invaded region to supply nitrogen. Such a strategy could delay cell death, and consequently disturb fungal progression in plant tissues.As a necrotrophic fungus, Botrytis cinerea induces host cell death to enable rapid colonization of plants and derive nutrients from sacrificed cells. 2,3 Main pathogenicity factors, toxin and lytic enzyme secretion act synergistically to kill, degrade and macerate host plant tissues. 4 Oxalic acid secretion by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is now considered as a subtle process to promote plant defence mechanisms that will contribute to host cell death and favor pathogen to progress and feed. 5 We have investigated soluble carbon transfer from host to pathogen using 13 C-NMR spectroscopy during sunflower cotyledon infection by B. cinerea. 6 Plant soluble sugars (glucose, fructose and sucrose) rapidly disappeared and were converted to fungal metabolites (mannitol, trehalose and glycogen), generating a strong carbohydrate capacity. Mannitol pathway plays a central role in B. cinerea carbon metabolism. This pathway allows glucose and fructose conversion into mannitol by independent routes, fructose being essentially converted in mannitol. 6 Soluble carbon metabolite profiling, performed through the course of infection, revealed also the fate of amino acids from plant and fungal origin. Here we present amino acid changes during infection of sunflower cotyledon. PCA extracts obtained from healthy eight-days-old sunflower germlings, infected cotyledons (24, 48, 72, 94 and 120 hpi) and B. cinerea mycelium collected after saprophytic growth, were analyzed by 13 C-NMR spectroscopy (Fig. 1). Glutamine, glutamate, arginine and asparagine (0.7, 0.4, 0.4 and 0.2 mg.g -1 FW) were the main amino acid detected in healthy sunflower cotyledons. In B. cinerea mycelium, the main amino acids detected by NMR spectroscopy were glutamate, glutamine, aspartic acid, arginine and alanine (0.9, 0.4, 0.2, 0.16, 0.08 mg.g -1 FW). In fungal mycelium and cotyledon, glutamate and glutamine were

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Section: Etabolic Changes That Occur Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amino acid changes during sunflower infection by the necrotrophic fungusB. cinerea

Dulermo¹,

Bligny²,

Gout³

et al. 2009

Plant Signaling & Behavior

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“…C. fulvum, which is used as a model system for plant-microbe interaction as it causes leaf mold, has the genomic set of carbohydratedegrading enzymes, including a large pectinolytic arsenal, but many of these genes are not expressed in planta. In contrast, Botrytis cinera, a necrotrophic pathogen of tomato, produces a high pectinolytic activity during the invasion of the soft pectin-rich plant tissues [49]. Thus, instead of degrading the plant cell wall, C. flavus is thought to facilitate the local modification of the middle laemella and primary cell walls to allow better penetration of the hyphae into these pectinrich areas, similar to that described for the forest root colonizing ectomycorrhizal, such as Laccaria bicolor [50].…”

Section: Laccase and Peroxidase Activitymentioning

confidence: 93%

Lignocellulolytic Capability of Endophytic Phyllosticta sp.

CB¹

2017

J Bacteriol Mycol

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The Dothideomycetes represent the largest fungal class of Ascomycota. It is an ubiquitous class of fungi whose members span a wide spectrum of lifestyles and host interactions. The endophytic fungus Phyllosticta is one members of the Dothideomycetes, causing disease in economic crops. Phyllosticta was screened for the degradation of lignocellulosic biomass of commercial relevance, such as rice straw, rice husk, sorghum, wheat straw, miscanthus, lavender flower, and lavender straw. The highest degrading strains were identified from an initial screen and further analyzed for the secretion of lignocellulosic enzymes during growth on the different biomasses. With Phyllosticta capitalensis (MFLUCC14-0233), maximum activity of arabinase (944.18 U/ml culture), cellulase (27.10 U/ml), xylanase (10.85 U/ml), pectinase (465.47 U/ml), and laccase (35.68 U/ml) activities could be detected in the secretome during growth on lavender flowers and lavender straw. Phyllosticta capitalensis is thus an interesting new strain for the production of lignocellulosic enzymes during growth on cheap agro-industrial biomass. Keywords:Agro-industrial residues; Biological pretreatment; Dothideomycetes; Lignocellulosic biomass; Lignocellulytic enzyme; Phyllosticta IntroductionThe Dothideomycetes represent the largest fungal class within the phylum Ascomycota. It is a ubiquitous class of fungi whose members span a wide spectrum of lifestyles and host interactions [1][2][3]. Members of the Dothideomycetes can cause disease in every major crop [4]. Approximately 1,300 genera and 19,000 species have been identified either as endophytes, plant pathogens, or as saprophytes degrading plant biomass, thus threatening agriculture and food security throughout the world [5][6][7][8]. In addition to their mode of life, the Dothideomycetes are known for producing secondary metabolites grouped into four main categories based on their biosynthetic origin: polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides, terpenoids and tryptophan derivatives [9]. These secondary metabolites can be both toxic and beneficial to plants and humankind in applications such as agrochemicals, antibiotics, immunosuppressant's, antiparasitics, antioxidants and anticancer agents [10]. New Dothideomycetes are still being discovered worldwide and a large number of these strains remained unexplored regarding their potential use in biotechnology [11][12].Endophytes provide a broad variety of bioactive secondary metabolites with unique structures and so this class of fungi could be used as potential "nanofactories" producing a range of "green" alternatives to currently employed chemicals [13]. Although the ecological significance of endophytes is not completely clear, it is known that these fungi can exploit dead leaves immediately after their senescence and before they fall from the tree [14], and so could be also exploited for the production of enzymes acting on plant biomass.A well-known representative of Dothideomycetes fungi in metabolite studies is Phyllosticta (with a Guignardia anamorph)...

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“…This fungus is capable to infect vegetables, fruits and ornamental plants, among others, making it a great problem for many plant species [17]. However, its importance relies on its ability to infect crops of commercial interest, such as grapevine.…”

Section: Grey Mould: B Cinereamentioning

confidence: 99%

Grapevine Biotechnology: Molecular Approaches Underlying Abiotic and Biotic Stress Responses

Armijo¹,

Espinoza²,

Loyola³

et al. 2016

Grape and Wine Biotechnology

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Grapevine is one of the most abundant crops worldwide, with varieties destined for fresh and dry consumption, as well as wine production. Unfortunately, grapevine plants are affected by both biotic and abiotic stresses, generating significant economic losses. These conditions can negatively impact grape cultivation at different stages: plant and berry development during pre-and post-harvest, production, fresh fruit processing and export, along with wine quality. Most of the grapevine varieties are susceptible to several pathogens and within this chapter, particular attention is given to fungi (Botrytis cinerea and Erysiphe necator) and viruses, since they are a worldwide concern. Within the latter, special focus is given to the grapevine leafroll disease, a complex and destructive infection. On the other hand, abiotic stress is also relevant in grapevine, and in this chapter it will be exemplified by UV-B radiation and its impact on growth and fruit development, plant adaptive responses and its relationship with the quality of grape berries for winemaking. The main biotic and abiotic grapevine stress factors are reviewed in this chapter, considering a special focus on biotechnological approaches carried out in order to address them and minimize their detrimental consequences.

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Licensed to kill: the lifestyle of a necrotrophic plant pathogen

Cited by 627 publications

References 69 publications

Amino acid changes during sunflower infection by the necrotrophic fungusB. cinerea

Amino acid changes during sunflower infection by the necrotrophic fungusB. cinerea

Lignocellulolytic Capability of Endophytic Phyllosticta sp.

Grapevine Biotechnology: Molecular Approaches Underlying Abiotic and Biotic Stress Responses

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