Lichen removal from Chinese Spirit Path figures of marble

Leavengood, Patricia; Twilley, John; Asmus, John F.

doi:10.1016/s1296-2074(00)00191-6

Cited by 18 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…In contrast, as shown in this and other works, laser cleaning produces complete lichen-thallus removal, even if lichen debris on the surface can be brushed away without affecting dolostone surface (deCruz et al, 2007;deCruz et al, 2009;Leavengood et al, 2000). In addition, if the considerable cell damage observed in lichen debris, as well as in the endolithic mycobiont cells and microorganisms in the deeper substrate areas is taken into account the possibility of stone recolonization from theses sources is rather low.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…Laser application to lithic microorganisms and lichens without extracting them from their substrate have been scarcely studied (deCruz et al, 2007;deCruz et al, 2009;Leavengood et al, 2000). In general, the biological component of stone crust, known as "biological crust", is poorly characterized, and commonly-used techniques enable no evaluation of laser-produced structural damage and vitality changes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similar microenvironment heating processes are responsible for the inactivation and death of unexposed microorganisms such as the bacteria inside the dentine microcrystalline structure during Nd:YAG laser treatments (Goodis et al, 1993). A characteristic of such a laser system is that it reaches deeper stone areas of interest when compared to UV rays and xenon lamps used against microorganisms and lichen on stone that -in spite of their germicidal activity-also display poor penetration power (Doehne and Price, 2010;Goodis et al, 1993;Leavengood et al, 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nd-YAG laser irradiation damages to Verrucaria nigrescens

Speranza

Sanz

Oujja

et al. 2013

International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation

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Epilithic and endolithic microorganisms and lichens play an important role in stone biodeterioration. The structural and physiological damage caused by nanosecond pulsed laser of 1064 nm from Nd:YAG laser to Verrucaria nigrescens lichen as well as to endolithic algae and fungi were investigated in the present study. Ultrastructural laser effects on lichen and endolithic microorganisms were study without disturbing the relationship between lichen and lithic substrate by taking lichen-containing rock fragments and processing both together. SEM-BSE, LT-SEM and FM were used to determine cell integrity and ultrastructure, which reflect microorganism viability. Photobiont vitality was determined using a PAM chlorophyll fluorescence technique. The lichen thalli were completely removed by irradiation with 5 ns pulses at a fluence of 2.0 J/cm 2 with no stone damage as showed by Micro-Raman spectroscopy. The fungal and algal endolithic cells located below were completely destroyed or presented a high plasmolysis degree resulting from heating their microenvironment. The lichen and endolithic mycobiont near the irradiated zone were also damaged. Algal photosynthetic damage prevents fungal survival and lichen viability. This is the first report of laser removal and inactivation of lichen and lithic microorganisms, and thus provide an environmentally-friendly and efficient method to control stone biodeterioration.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Nd-YAG laser irradiation damages to Verrucaria nigrescens

Speranza

Sanz

Oujja

et al. 2013

International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation

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“…The use of a high intensity, pulsed Xenon flash lamp was suggested as a promising tool for the removal of lichens from monuments (Leavengood et al 2000). Monochromatic light was successfully used as a non-destructive methodological approach for the control and prevention of cyanobacterial biofilms growth on stone (Albertano et al 2005).…”

Section: Cleaning and Biocidal Treatmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stone Conservation

Snethlage¹

2014

Stone in Architecture

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Since antiquity, replacement and repair of damaged stone has been practised to delay the deterioration of buildings and monuments. Today, the aim of stone conservation is the preservation of these historic and/or artistic objects for future generations in the state in which we have received them. The approach that has been taken to address this challenge has direct links to the emergence of chemistry in the 19th century. Chemicals such as water glass, fluorosilicates and ethyl silicate were tested as consolidants for stone shortly after their synthesis in the laboratory. After World War II, organic compounds, such as acrylic and epoxy resins found their way into conservation practice. This chapter deals with all the steps required in a conservation intervention, such as the problems presented by cleaning as well as those of desalination. It includes a review of conservation materials, such as consolidants, water repellents and biocides. Silicon organic compounds are given special attention since they are the main chemicals used in the formulation of both consolidants and water repellents. The requirements for the various mortars that may be needed, including renders, as well as that of other finishes such as paints and antigraffiti coatings are also discussed.

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“…Physical methods such as UV light have been rarely applied on cultural heritage objects, due to their low penetration depth and negative influence on pigments. However, a recent preliminary study on the removal of lichens by means of a high intensity pulsed xenon flash lamp gave encouraging results [27]. Analogous intervention has been made using the microwaves to control black MCF and to kill the more sensitive algal component of a lichenic thallus [28].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodeterioration of Stone Monuments a Worldwide Issue

Tiano¹

2016

Open Conf. Proceed. J.

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Abstract:The biodegradation is a general action strictly linked in the presence of active organisms, and this is not only unavoidable but it represents a fundamental process of the Biosphere. When this process is acting on « valuable » objects, is named as Biodeterioration. The consequences surely produce a worse condition, and this process is particularly unfavourable when the object belongs to the Cultural Heritage field. Climatic factors (temperature, humidity, rain, sun exposure, and air pollutants) can establish good conditions for the development of several organisms on the surfaces, inducing first of all aesthetic damages (vegetative structures, coloured patches or patinas and crusts). Different approaches have been adopted to isolate, identify and quantify such wide group of organisms, and several methodologies and products have been used to eliminate and prevent such biological settlements. However, this field needs to subdue the sector of the qualification and to emphasise the quantification of such phenomenon. Furthermore, we have to consider this as one factor in a more general theory of Biogeomorphogenesis. A model describing the concept of stone durability, involving the Biodeterioration process, is proposed. The data of the selected parameters coming from different dominions could be integrated and elaborated in a new relational database MDDM (Management of Dynamic Durability Model). The exact knowledge of the resistance of a monumental object is crucial for a suitable schedule maintenance. Taking into consideration that the process can never be stopped but only slowed down to a minimum with balanced prevention and intervention actions.Keywords: Biodeterioration, Biogeomorphogenesis, Conceptual model, Stone durability. PROBLEMATICThe biodeterioration of monumental heritage is a worldwide phenomenon. The most severe effects are found in tropical areas where the climate is extremely favourable to the growth of higher plants that can cover and destroy even big artistic monuments. The process is mainly due to centennial years of lack of maintenance, as smaller plants must be eradicated as soon as they grow. In our countries, such kind of degradation is very uncommon and limited to monuments abandoned since several years or part of them with difficulty of access. Most investigation in this field emphasised the study of microorganisms that produce stained patches or coloured crusts on the surface of stones. These microorganisms play a key role in many biogeochemical processes and can adapt themselves to extremely various environments. Modern conservation strategies underline the need to know and understand the structure and function of complex microbial communities that cause biodeterioration of materials that constitute our cultural heritage. Until recently, the detection and identification of microorganisms inhabiting cultural objects were based only on classical cultural methodologies derived from soil microbiology. These are very simple and provide information only on organisms capable of growth und...

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Lichen removal from Chinese Spirit Path figures of marble

Cited by 18 publications

References 0 publications

Nd-YAG laser irradiation damages to Verrucaria nigrescens

Nd-YAG laser irradiation damages to Verrucaria nigrescens

Stone Conservation

Biodeterioration of Stone Monuments a Worldwide Issue

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