LiDAR-Based Obstacle Detection and Distance Estimation in Navigation Assistance for Visually Impaired

A comprehensive review of navigation systems for visually impaired individuals

“…Additionally, ToF and Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) scanners measure the time it takes for light to reach an object's surface and return to the sensor. LiDAR employs mechanical components in its setup, while ToF accomplishes distance calculations using integrated circuits [ 21 , 31 ]. The majority of consumer RGB-D sensors utilize structured light or ToF techniques.…”

“…8 . Kuriakose et al [ 21 ] proposed a system with cameras placed on room ceilings. The system takes pictures with the cameras and uses computer vision algorithms to process them remotely.…”

“…The social dimension of inclusion is also positively impacted by navigation systems, as they guide users to recreational venues, dining establishments, cultural events, and other social gatherings, thus mitigating feelings of isolation and augmenting their overall quality of life [ [16] , [17] , [18] ]. Navigation systems make significant contributions to fostering a sense of independence among visually impaired individuals [ [19] , [20] , [21] , [22] ]. By providing guidance and real-time information, they reduce their dependence on others for transportation and daily navigation tasks, thereby not only empowering them but also preserving a greater degree of control over their lives [ 23 , 24 ].…”